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Anatomy Midterm 3 > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Integument size

A
  • 7-8% of body weight

- 1.5-2 m2

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2
Q

layers of integument

A
  • epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium
  • dermis: dense irregular connective tissue
  • hypodermis: adipose connective tissue
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3
Q

integument functions

A
  • protection
  • prevention of water loss
  • temperature regulation
  • metabolic regulation
  • immune defense
  • sensory reception
  • excretion/secretion
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4
Q

epidermis

A
  • most superficial
  • avascular
  • keritanized stratified squamous epithelium (4-5 layers of distinct cell types)
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5
Q

keratin

A

water-insoluble protein

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6
Q

epidermal strata (layers)

A

deep to superficial

  • stratum basale
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum corneum
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7
Q

stratum basale

A
  • only one that undergoes mitosis
  • one layer of cells adjacent to dermis
    has keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells, and dendritic cells
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8
Q

keratinocytes

A
  • most abundant

- produce keratin to waterproof skin

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9
Q

melanocytes

A
  • long, branches cytoplasmic processes
  • produce melanin (black, brown, or yellow) that absorbs UV light to prevent DNA damage and reducing some forms of skin cancer
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10
Q

tactile cells

A
  • sense touch
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11
Q

dendritic cells

A
  • immunity
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12
Q

stratum spinosum

A
  • several layers thick
  • daughter cells from stratum basale
  • differentiate into non dividing highly specialized keratinocytes
  • may see a rare mitotic cell
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13
Q

stratum granulosum

A
  • 3-5 layers of keratinocytes
  • cytoplasm filled with keratin filaments (grainy)
  • organelles begin to degrade
  • fully keratinized cells are dead but strong and water-insoluble
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14
Q

stratum lucidum

A
  • thin, translucent region
  • 2-3 layers thick
  • only in thick skin (soles of feet and palms of hands)
  • cells lack organelles, filled with eleidin, a transparent intermediate product of keratin maturation
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15
Q

stratum corneum

A
  • most superficial layer
  • can be a few to 50 layers tick based on location
  • comprised only of dead keratinocytes (korneocytes)
  • slogged off by abrasion= dust
  • desquamation= when korneocytes detach, die, and fall of. the shedding of skin
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16
Q

epidermal skin colour based cells

A
  • melanin
  • hemoglobin
  • carotene
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17
Q

melanin

A
  • brown-black pigment produced by melanocytes
  • genetic inheritance
  • increases with UV light exposure
  • protects nuclear DNA
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18
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • blood pigment

- causes light complexions to look pink

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19
Q

carotene

A
  • yellow-orange pigment from food that builds up in the skin
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20
Q

What determines skin tone

A
  • by melanocyte activity not melanocytes number/density

- more active= darker skin and produces more melanin

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21
Q

nevus

A
  • localized overgrowth of melanocytes

- a mole

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22
Q

epidermal skin markings

A
  • nevus
  • hemangioma
  • friction ridges
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23
Q

hemangioma

A
  • proliferation of blood vessels
  • strawberry= in childhood, may disappear
  • port wine= in adults, may persist
24
Q

friction ridges

A
  • folds of epidermis/dermis on fingers, palms, soles, and toes for grasping
  • causes us to leave fingerprints
25
Q

dermis

A
  • deep to epidermis
  • vascular
  • 2 layers
    1) papillary (superficial)
    2) reticular (deeper)
    many collagen fibres
    contains blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle
26
Q

papillary layer of dermis

A
  • directly below stratum basal of epidermis
  • dermal papillae and epidermal ridges interlock to increase surface area between dermis and epidermis
  • dermal papillae contain capillaries that supply nutrients to avascular epidermal cells
27
Q

reticular layer of dermis

A
  • majority of dermis
  • comprised mainly of dense irregular connective tissue with large bundles of collagen fibers, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerves
  • collagen bundles help connect dermis to underlying hypodermis
28
Q

lines of cleavage

A
  • lines in deep dermis formed by orientation of collagen bundles
  • incisions heal faster when parallel to lines
29
Q

innervation

A
  • nerve fibers present in dermis
30
Q

functions of innervation

A
  • tactile receptors
  • control blood flow
  • control glandular secretion
31
Q

blood supply

A
  • epidermis: avascular
  • dermis: vascular
  • important in controlling body temperature
  • vasoconstriction & vasodilation
32
Q

vasoconstriction & vasodilation

A
  • constriction: narrowing of blood vessels to preserve core body heat
  • dilation: widening blood vessels releases body heat and lowers body temperature
33
Q

hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

A
  • deep to integument (not rly part of)

- areolar and adipose connective tissue

34
Q

hypodermis functions

A
  • protects underlying structures
  • stores energy
  • thermal isulation
35
Q

structures that grow from epidermis

A
  • nails
  • hair
  • glands
36
Q

nails

A
  • derived from stratum corneum
  • cells densely packed together filled with parallel fibers of hard keratin
  • nail plate has whitish free edges, a pinkish nail body, and nail root
  • nail body covers a layer of epidermis called nail bed
  • nail bed appear pink cause of underlying capillaries
37
Q

nail body

A
  • flat keratinized cells protecting digit
38
Q

nail bed

A
  • live epidermal cells under nail body
39
Q

nail root

A
  • region hidden by cuticle
40
Q

nail matrix

A
  • thickened newly growing part of nail bed
41
Q

lunula

A
  • white semilunar proximal area of nail body caused by thickened underlying stratum basale obscuring capillaries in dermis
42
Q

hair

A
  • column of keratinocytes growing from follicles deep in dermis or hypodermis
  • hair shaft, follicle, and subaceous gland
43
Q

hair shaft

A
  • exposed

- completely keratinized

44
Q

hair follicle

A
  • epidermal fold surrounding the hair

- wrapped in nerves

45
Q

sebaceous gland

A
  • secretes sebum into hair follicle

- moisturizes hair and skin

46
Q

hair bulb

A
  • swelling at bottom of follicle filled with dividing keratinocytes
  • increase in hair matrix causes hair growth
  • anchors hair root to dermis
47
Q

hair papilla

A
  • connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels below follicle that supports keratinocytes
48
Q

arrestor pili

A
  • involuntary smooth muscle attached to hair shaft

- responds to emotional states and cold temps by contracting, standing hair up, and producing goose bumps

49
Q

functions of hair

A
  • protection
  • heat retention
  • facial expression
  • sensory reception
  • visual identification
  • chemical signal dispersal
50
Q

skin exocrine glands

A

sweat glands and specialized gland types

51
Q

sweat glands

A
  • produces watery solution

- eccrine and procaine sweat glands

52
Q

specialized

A
  • sebaceous: produce oily secretions
  • ceruminous glands: produce ear wax
  • mammy: produce milk
53
Q

eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

A
  • simple coiled tubular glands that secrete into a duct with a pore on skins surface
  • secretion is 99% water, clear, and controlled by nervous system
  • numerous on forehead, palms, and soles
54
Q

functions of eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

A
  • thermoregulation
  • secretion
  • protection
55
Q

aprocine sweat glands

A
  • simple coiled tubular glands that secrete into hair follicles around nipples (areolar), armpits (axillae), groin (pubic), and anus (anal)
  • secretion is thick, cloudy, proteins and lipids
  • leads to bacterial growth causing body odour (sweat itself doesn’t smell)
56
Q

sebaceous glands (holocrine)

A
  • secrete oily sebum into hair follicles
  • lubricates hair and skin
  • relatively inactive during childhood
  • sex hormone at puberty cause secretions to increase significantly

Anatomy Midterm 3 (7 decks)

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