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Phase 2A Med Concise > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Inflammation and fluid collection in lungs due to infection

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2
Q

Pneumonia - 1 Causative organism

A

Strep pneumoniae

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3
Q

Pneumonia - Signs and symptoms

A

Signs - BP drop, fever, increased resp rate, sputum

Symptoms - Pleuritic chest pain, cough with sputum

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4
Q

Pneumonia - Investigations

A

Listen to chest with stephoscope
CXR (Chest X-Ray) is gold standard for consolidation
To assess severity use CURB-65

To determine causative organism - take sputum sample and blood culture

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5
Q

Pneumonia - Treatment 5 (PAITO)

A 
Oxygen (be vary of COPD)
Thromboprophylaxis 
Antibiotics - Amoxicillin 
IV fluids (prevent dehydration)
Paracetamol for pleuritic chest pain
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6
Q

How is Tuberculosis (TB) spread?

A

Airborne droplets

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7
Q

TB - Signs and symptoms

A

Signs - Coughing up blood

Symptoms - Fever, night sweats, chest pain

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8
Q

TB - Diagnosis

A

3x Sputum test
CXR
CT scan

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9
Q

TB - Treatment

A

‘RIPE’

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10
Q

Most commonly prescribed resp drugs

A 
Salbutamol (SABA) - Asthma and COPD
Salmeterol (LABA) - Asthma and COPD
Prednisolone - Anti-inflammatory 
Ramipril (ACE inhibitor) - Hypertension 
Amoxacillin (Antibiotics)
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11
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Collection of 2 lung diseases (Chronic bronchitis and emphysema)

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12
Q

Which type of respiratory failure is COPD?

A

Type 2 (Low O2, high CO2)

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13
Q

Cause of COPD?

A

Smoking

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14
Q

COPD - Signs and symptoms

A

Signs - Sputum, chronic cough, barrel shaped chest

Symptoms - Shortness of breath, tiredness/low energy

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15
Q

COPD - Investigations

A

Spirometry - FEV/FVC = <90%

CXR

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16
Q

COPD - Treatment

A

Lifestyle - Stop smoking
Oxygen therapy
SABA/LABA

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17
Q

Which of COPD and asthma is reversible and irreversible?

A

COPD - Irreversible

Asthma - Reversible

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18
Q

What is asthma?

A

Reversible COPD

Hypersensitivity type 1 reaction

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19
Q

2 Types of asthma

A

Atopic (Allergic)

Non-atopic (Non-allergic)

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20
Q

Asthma - Pathophysiology

A

1) Allergen inhaled and remembered

2) Next time inhaled causes inflammation and constriction of airways

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21
Q

Asthma - Causes

A

Allergic - Genetics, environmental stimuli

Non-allergic - (Intrinsic) Stress, cold air, infection

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22
Q

Asthma - Exacerbating factors

A 
Pollution 
Smoking 
Stress
Infection
Trauma
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23
Q

Asthma - 3 Symptoms

A

SOB
Wheeze
Dry cough

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24
Q

Is asthma worse in morning or evening?

A

Morning

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25
Q

Asthma - 2 Investigations

A

Spirometry - FEV/FVC = <70%

Peak flow diary

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26
Q

Asthma - Treatment

A

SABA - Salbutamol

Lifestyle - Stop smoking, avoid allergens/stress

27
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Double membrane surrounding lungs (Parietal - chest wall, visceral - lungs)

28
Q

3 Functions of pleura

A

Allow lungs to move with chest wall for efficient breathing
Cushioning
Lubrication

29
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A

Build up of fluid in the pleural space

Fluids - Blood, serous, urine, pus

30
Q

Difference between transudate and exudate

A

Transudate (Clear) - Excessive production of pleural fluid/Reduced resorption (Heart failure, nephrotic syndrome)
Exudate (Cloudy) - Result from damaged pleura (PE, pneumonia, cancer)

31
Q

Pleural effusion - Signs and symptoms

A

Signs - Decreased chest movement, reduced breath sounds

Symptoms - SOB, cough, chest pain

32
Q

Pleural effusion - Investigations

A

CXR - White=fluid
CT
Ultrasound
Listen to chest - tap on chest (dull to percussion)

33
Q

Pleural effusion - Treatment

A

Chest drain

Pleurodesis

34
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Build up of air in pleural space

35
Q

Pneumothorax - Causes

A

Trauma - Rib fracture
Primary - Lung damage with no pathology
Secondary - Lung damage with pathology

36
Q

Pneumothorax - Signs and symptoms

A

Signs - Low BP, low O2 levels

Symptoms - SOB, sharp one-sided chest pain

37
Q

Pneumothorax - Investigations

A

CXR

38
Q

Pneumothorax - Treatment

A

Chest drain

Surgery

39
Q

What is tension pneumothorax?

A

Medical emergency where trachea has deviated away from affected lung (Need to insert chest drain immediately)

40
Q

What is mesothelioma of lungs?

A

Cancer of the pleura that surrounds lungs

41
Q

Mesothelioma - Cause

A

Asbestos

42
Q

Mesothelioma - Symptoms

A 
SOB
Persistent cough
Fever
Weight loss
Fatigue
43
Q

Mesothelioma - Investigations

A

CXR

CT

44
Q

Mesothelioma - Treatment

A

Poor prognosis means palliative care

45
Q

What is lung cancer?

A

Carcinoma of the bronchus or pleura

46
Q

Lung cancer - Causes

A

Smoking

Asbestos

47
Q

Lung cancer - Signs and symptoms

A

Signs - Weight loss, anaemia, clubbing

Symptoms - Cough, haemoptysis (coughing up blood from lungs), dyspnoea (difficulty breathing), chest pain

48
Q

Lung cancer - investigations

A

CXR
Chest CT
Bronchoscopy
Needle/surgical biopsy

49
Q

Lung cancer - Management

A

Stage 1/2) Surgical

Stage 3/4) Chemo/Radiotherapy, palliative care

50
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Chronic disease
Autosomal recessive genetic disorder causing defect in CTFR channel protein (chlorine-) resulting in thick mucus clogging ducts
Presents in childhood
Affects airways, pancreas, GI tract

51
Q

Cystic fibrosis - Signs and symptoms

A

Signs - Steatorrhea (excretion of abnormal levels of fat in faeces), rectal prolapse
Symptoms - Cough, heavy mucus production

52
Q

Cystic fibrosis - Complications

A

Resp tract infections

Bronchiectasis

53
Q

Cystic fibrosis - Investigations

A

90% diagnosed before age 8
Genetics testing
Sweat (NaCl) test - parents taste salt when kissing baby

54
Q

Cystic fibrosis - Treatment

A

No cure
Non-pharm - Physio for airway clearance
Pharm - Antibiotics, bronchodilators

55
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Irreversible dilation of bronchioles

Build up of mucus increases chance of infection

56
Q

Bronchiectasis - Causes

A

Complications of lung diseases - COPD, CF

Infection

57
Q

Bronchiectasis - Investigations

A 
HRCT (High res CT)
Sputum culture (look for infectious agents)
58
Q

Bronchiectasis - Treatment

A

No cure
Non-pharm - Stop smoking, physio for airway clearance exercises
Pharm - Antibiotics, bronchodilators

59
Q

What are occupational lung disorders?

A

Lung diseases caused by exposure to agents at work

60
Q

Occupational lung disorders - Examples

A

Bronchitis
Fibrosis
Carcinoma
Asthma

61
Q

Occupational lung disorders - Causes

A

Agents such as asbestos and silicon

62
Q

What is hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

A

Inflammatory response to mould spores

63
Q

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis - Symptoms

A

Chronic cough
Dyspnoea
Fatigue

64
Q

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis - Management

A

Avoid allergen

Corticosteroids

Phase 2A Med Concise (18 decks)

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