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Phase 2A Med Concise > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Inflammation and fluid collection in lungs due to infection

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2
Q

Pneumonia - 1 Causative organism

A

Strep pneumoniae

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3
Q

Pneumonia - Signs and symptoms

A

Signs - BP drop, fever, increased resp rate, sputum

Symptoms - Pleuritic chest pain, cough with sputum

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4
Q

Pneumonia - Investigations

A

Listen to chest with stephoscope
CXR (Chest X-Ray) is gold standard for consolidation
To assess severity use CURB-65

To determine causative organism - take sputum sample and blood culture

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5
Q

Pneumonia - Treatment 5 (PAITO)

A 
Oxygen (be vary of COPD)
Thromboprophylaxis 
Antibiotics - Amoxicillin 
IV fluids (prevent dehydration)
Paracetamol for pleuritic chest pain
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6
Q

How is Tuberculosis (TB) spread?

A

Airborne droplets

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7
Q

TB - Signs and symptoms

A

Signs - Coughing up blood

Symptoms - Fever, night sweats, chest pain

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8
Q

TB - Diagnosis

A

3x Sputum test
CXR
CT scan

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9
Q

TB - Treatment

A

‘RIPE’

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10
Q

Most commonly prescribed resp drugs

A 
Salbutamol (SABA) - Asthma and COPD
Salmeterol (LABA) - Asthma and COPD
Prednisolone - Anti-inflammatory 
Ramipril (ACE inhibitor) - Hypertension 
Amoxacillin (Antibiotics)
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11
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Collection of 2 lung diseases (Chronic bronchitis and emphysema)

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12
Q

Which type of respiratory failure is COPD?

A

Type 2 (Low O2, high CO2)

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13
Q

Cause of COPD?

A

Smoking

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14
Q

COPD - Signs and symptoms

A

Signs - Sputum, chronic cough, barrel shaped chest

Symptoms - Shortness of breath, tiredness/low energy

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15
Q

COPD - Investigations

A

Spirometry - FEV/FVC = <90%

CXR

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16
Q

COPD - Treatment

A

Lifestyle - Stop smoking
Oxygen therapy
SABA/LABA

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17
Q

Which of COPD and asthma is reversible and irreversible?

A

COPD - Irreversible

Asthma - Reversible

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18
Q

What is asthma?

A

Reversible COPD

Hypersensitivity type 1 reaction

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19
Q

2 Types of asthma

A

Atopic (Allergic)

Non-atopic (Non-allergic)

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20
Q

Asthma - Pathophysiology

A

1) Allergen inhaled and remembered

2) Next time inhaled causes inflammation and constriction of airways

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21
Q

Asthma - Causes

A

Allergic - Genetics, environmental stimuli

Non-allergic - (Intrinsic) Stress, cold air, infection

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22
Q

Asthma - Exacerbating factors

A 
Pollution 
Smoking 
Stress
Infection
Trauma
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23
Q

Asthma - 3 Symptoms

A

SOB
Wheeze
Dry cough

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24
Q

Is asthma worse in morning or evening?

A

Morning

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25
Asthma - 2 Investigations
Spirometry - FEV/FVC = <70% | Peak flow diary
26
Asthma - Treatment
SABA - Salbutamol | Lifestyle - Stop smoking, avoid allergens/stress
27
What is the pleura?
Double membrane surrounding lungs (Parietal - chest wall, visceral - lungs)
28
3 Functions of pleura
Allow lungs to move with chest wall for efficient breathing Cushioning Lubrication
29
What is a pleural effusion?
Build up of fluid in the pleural space | Fluids - Blood, serous, urine, pus
30
Difference between transudate and exudate
Transudate (Clear) - Excessive production of pleural fluid/Reduced resorption (Heart failure, nephrotic syndrome) Exudate (Cloudy) - Result from damaged pleura (PE, pneumonia, cancer)
31
Pleural effusion - Signs and symptoms
Signs - Decreased chest movement, reduced breath sounds | Symptoms - SOB, cough, chest pain
32
Pleural effusion - Investigations
CXR - White=fluid CT Ultrasound Listen to chest - tap on chest (dull to percussion)
33
Pleural effusion - Treatment
Chest drain | Pleurodesis
34
What is pneumothorax?
Build up of air in pleural space
35
Pneumothorax - Causes
Trauma - Rib fracture Primary - Lung damage with no pathology Secondary - Lung damage with pathology
36
Pneumothorax - Signs and symptoms
Signs - Low BP, low O2 levels | Symptoms - SOB, sharp one-sided chest pain
37
Pneumothorax - Investigations
CXR
38
Pneumothorax - Treatment
Chest drain | Surgery
39
What is tension pneumothorax?
Medical emergency where trachea has deviated away from affected lung (Need to insert chest drain immediately)
40
What is mesothelioma of lungs?
Cancer of the pleura that surrounds lungs
41
Mesothelioma - Cause
Asbestos
42
Mesothelioma - Symptoms
``` SOB Persistent cough Fever Weight loss Fatigue ```
43
Mesothelioma - Investigations
CXR | CT
44
Mesothelioma - Treatment
Poor prognosis means palliative care
45
What is lung cancer?
Carcinoma of the bronchus or pleura
46
Lung cancer - Causes
Smoking | Asbestos
47
Lung cancer - Signs and symptoms
Signs - Weight loss, anaemia, clubbing | Symptoms - Cough, haemoptysis (coughing up blood from lungs), dyspnoea (difficulty breathing), chest pain
48
Lung cancer - investigations
CXR Chest CT Bronchoscopy Needle/surgical biopsy
49
Lung cancer - Management
Stage 1/2) Surgical | Stage 3/4) Chemo/Radiotherapy, palliative care
50
What is cystic fibrosis?
Chronic disease Autosomal recessive genetic disorder causing defect in CTFR channel protein (chlorine-) resulting in thick mucus clogging ducts Presents in childhood Affects airways, pancreas, GI tract
51
Cystic fibrosis - Signs and symptoms
Signs - Steatorrhea (excretion of abnormal levels of fat in faeces), rectal prolapse Symptoms - Cough, heavy mucus production
52
Cystic fibrosis - Complications
Resp tract infections | Bronchiectasis
53
Cystic fibrosis - Investigations
90% diagnosed before age 8 Genetics testing Sweat (NaCl) test - parents taste salt when kissing baby
54
Cystic fibrosis - Treatment
No cure Non-pharm - Physio for airway clearance Pharm - Antibiotics, bronchodilators
55
What is bronchiectasis?
Irreversible dilation of bronchioles | Build up of mucus increases chance of infection
56
Bronchiectasis - Causes
Complications of lung diseases - COPD, CF | Infection
57
Bronchiectasis - Investigations
``` HRCT (High res CT) Sputum culture (look for infectious agents) ```
58
Bronchiectasis - Treatment
No cure Non-pharm - Stop smoking, physio for airway clearance exercises Pharm - Antibiotics, bronchodilators
59
What are occupational lung disorders?
Lung diseases caused by exposure to agents at work
60
Occupational lung disorders - Examples
Bronchitis Fibrosis Carcinoma Asthma
61
Occupational lung disorders - Causes
Agents such as asbestos and silicon
62
What is hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
Inflammatory response to mould spores
63
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis - Symptoms
Chronic cough Dyspnoea Fatigue
64
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis - Management
Avoid allergen | Corticosteroids

Phase 2A Med Concise (18 decks)

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