Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Phase 2A Med Concise > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal pain - Epigastric region conditions

A

Heartburn/indigestion
Pancreatitis
Stomach ulcer
Epigastric hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Abdominal pain - Umbilical region conditions

A

Pancreatitis
Stomach ulcer
Inflammatory bowel
Umbilical hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Abdominal pain - Hypogastric region conditions

A

Urine infection
Diverticular disease
Pelvic pain (gynae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Abdominal pain - Right hypochondrium region conditions

A

Gall stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Abdominal pain - Right flank region conditions

A

Kidney stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Abdominal pain - Right iliac region conditions

A 
Appendicitis 
Groin pain (inguinal hernia)
Pelvic pain (gynae)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Abdominal pain - Left hypochondrium region conditions

A

Stomach ulcer

Duodenal ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Abdominal pain - Left flank region conditions

A

Kidney stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Abdominal pain - Left iliac region conditions

A 
Pelvic pain (gynae)
Groin pain (inguinal hernia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) - Pathophysiology

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes independently of a swallow, leading to reflux of gastric acid, bile and duodenal contents back into oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) - Risk factors

A

Increased abdo pressure (pregnancy)
Obesity
Smoking
Hiatus hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) - Symptoms

A

Heartburn

Acidic taste in mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) - Management

A

Oral antacids - Gaviscon

PPI - Lansoprazole (inhibit gastric hydrogen release, preventing gastric acid production)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) - Complication

A

Barret’s oesophagus (oesophageal epithelia changes from squamous to columnar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Peptic ulcers - Pathophysiology

A

A break in epithelium which penetrates down to the mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Peptic ulcers - 2 Types

A

Duodenal ulcer

Gastric ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Peptic ulcers - Causes

A

Helicobacter pylori

NSAID use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Peptic ulcers - Investigation

A

Urea breath test
Serology
Stool antigen test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Peptic ulcers - Treatment

A

PPI (Lansoprazole)

2 Antibiotics - Metronidazole and clarithromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Coeliac disease - Pathophysiology

A

T helper cells release inflammatory cytokines and stimulate B cells, causing gut damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Coeliac disease - Investigation

A 
Duodenal biopsy 
Blood test (IgA-tTG)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Coeliac disease - Symptoms

A

Bloating
Diarrhoea
Dermatitis herpetiformis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Malabsorption - Causes

A 
Poor intake
Lack of digestive enzymes
Defective epithelial transport
Reduced surface area
Poor intraluminal digestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Malabsorption - Symptoms

A

Weight loss
Anaemia
Steatorrhoea (excess fat in faeces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Crohn's disease - Pathophysiology
Transmural, granulomatous inflammation affecting any part of the gut Macroscopic - thickened and narrowed Microscopic - Granulomas, goblet cells
26
Crohn's disease - Signs and symptoms
Signs - Mouth ulcers, tenderness in RLQ | Symptoms - Diarrhoea, RLQ abdo pain, weight loss
27
Crohn's disease - Risk factors
Smoking | Chronic stress
28
Crohn's disease - Investigations
Colonoscopy Stool sample (to rule out infectious causes) FBC - Raised ESR/CRP (inflammation), low Hb (anaemia)
29
Crohn's disease - Management
Oral corticosteroids Infliximab (Anti-TNF antibodies) Methotrexate IV hydrocortisone (severe flare ups)
30
Ulcerative colitis - Pathophysiology
Inflammatory condition of colon mucosa Macroscopic - Continuous inflammation, ulcers Microscopic - Mucosal inflammation, no granulomata, depleted goblet cells
31
Ulcerative colitis - Signs and symptoms
Signs - Fever | Symptoms - LLQ pain, bloody diarrhoea with mucus
32
Ulcerative colitis - Investigations
FBC - Raised ESR/CRP | Stool sample to rule our infectious diseases
33
Ulcerative colitis - Management
Prednisolone | Colectomy (severe UC)
34
Differences between crohn's and UC
Crohn's - Anywhere in gut, skip lesions, granulomas, goblet cells, transmural (all layers), cobblestone appearance UC - Only colon affected, no skip lesions, no granulomas, goblet cells depleted, mucosa only layer affected, no cobblestone appearance
35
Irritable bowel syndrome - Pathophysiology
Group of abdominal symptoms without any causes
36
Irritable bowel syndrome - Risk factors
Female>male | Stress
37
Irritable bowel syndrome - Symptoms
Abdo pain relieved by defecating Bloating Alternating bowel habits
38
Irritable bowel syndrome - Management
Buscopan (pain) Senna - laxative (constipation) Loperamide - anti-motility (diarrhoea)
39
Infective diarrhoea - Risk factors
Foreign travel Poor hygiene new/different foods
40
Infective diarrhoea - Causes
Viral - Rotavirus (children), norovirus, adenovirus Bacterial - E.coli, salmonella, shigella, campylobacter jejuni Parasites Clostridium difficile
41
Infective diarrhoea - Symptoms
``` Blood in diarrhoea Vomiting Fever Fatigue Headache Muscle pains ```
42
Infective diarrhoea - Investigation
``` Stool sample (culture) Sigmoidosopy Blood sample ```
43
Infective diarrhoea - Treatment
Rehydration Antibiotics Loperamide (ant-motility) Antiemetics
44
Intestinal obstruction - Lumen causes
Tumours | Gallstone
45
Intestinal obstruction - Wall causes
Tumours | Crohn's
46
Intestinal obstruction - Outside
Tumours (peritoneal) Adhesions (fibrosis after surgery) Mesentery
47
Hernia - Pathophysiology
A protrusion of organ/tissue out of the body cavity that it normally lies
48
Hernia - Causes
``` Muscle weakness (age, trauma) Body strain (heavy lifting, pregnancy, chronic cough) ```
49
Inguinal hernia - Pathophysiology
Protrusion of abdominal cavity contents through the inguinal canal
50
Inguinal hernia - 2 Types
Direct - Protrudes directly into inguinal canal, medial to inferior epigastric vessels Indirect - Protrudes through the internal inguinal ring, Lateral to inferior epigastric vessels
51
Hiatus hernia - Pathophysiology
Part of stomach herniates through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
52
Hiatus hernia - 2 Types
Sliding - Oesophageal-gastric junction slides through the hiatus and lies above the diaphragm (reflux symptoms present) Para-oesophageal - Gastric fundus rolls up through hiatus alongside oesophagus (treated via surgery)
53
Appendicitis - Pathophysiology
1) Gut flora multiplies (E.coli) in appendix 2) Increased pressure 3) Inflammation
54
Appendicitis - Symptoms
Acute pain (umbilicus to RIF) Nausea/vomiting Fever
55
Appendicitis - Treatment
Appendicectomy
56
Peritonitis - Pathophysiology
Inflammation of peritoneum due to entry of blood, air, bacteria or GI contents (faeces/bile)
57
Peritonitis - Symptoms
Dull pain that becomes sharp | Pain worse on coughing/moving
58
Peritonitis - Causes
``` Appendicitis Ectopic pregnancy TB infection Obstruction Ulcer ```
59
Peritonitis - Investigations
``` Abdo exam AXR - Dilated bowel Bloods - FBCs, U&Es, LFTs, clotting Ascitic tap - Raised neutrophils Low BP (Sepsis) ```
60
Pancreatitis - Pathophysiology
Pancreatic enzymes destroy pancreas and nearby blood vessels
61
Pancreatitis - Signs and symptoms
Signs - Tachycardia Symptoms - Nausea/vomiting, epigastric pain radiating to back (relieved by sitting forwards), cullens/grey turner's (bruising around umbilicus and flank)
62
Pancreatitis - Causes
``` Idiopathic Gall stones Alcohol Trauma Malignancy Autoimmune Scorpion stings ```
63
Pancreatitis - Investigations
Bloods - Raised amylase and lipase AXR CT abdo
64
Pancreatitis - Treatment
``` IV fluids (maintain electrolyte balance) Analgesic ```
65
Ischaemic colitis - Pathophysiology
Low flow in inferior mesenteric artery
66
Ischaemic colitis - Symptoms
LLQ pain | Bloody diarrhoea
67
Ischaemic colitis - Investigation
Colonoscopy
68
Acute mesenteric ischaemia - Pathophysiology
Low flow in superior mesenteric artery
69
Acute mesenteric ischaemia - Symptoms
Acute severe abdo pain
70
Acute mesenteric ischaemia - Investigation
Laparotomy
71
Acute mesenteric ischaemia - Treatment
Surgery to remove dead bowel Fluid resus Antibiotics

Phase 2A Med Concise (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions