Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Phase 2A Med Concise > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is bicuspid aortic valve?

A

Congenital heart condition where aortic valve has 2 instead of 3 leaflets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bicuspid aortic valve - 2 Complications

A 
Aortic stenosis (Narrowing aorta)
Aortic regurgitation (Backflow blood from aorta to ventricle)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What activity would make the complications of bicuspid aortic valve appear faster?

A

Exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bicuspid aortic valve - Treatment

A

Valve replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an ASD (Atrial septal defect) ?

A

Congenital heart condition which causes a left to right shunt (hole in heart)
Primum - presents earlier
Secundum - asymptomatic until adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

By age 40 what 2 issues can ASD lead to?

A

Heart failure

SOB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can reverse shunt lead to in ASD?

A

Pulmonary hypertension - Cyanosis and organ damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is VSD (Ventricular septal defect) ?

A

Congenital heart defect which causes a left to right shunt (hole in heart)
No cyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Size of holes in heart and their symptoms

A

Large holes - symptoms during infancy

Small holes - asymptomatic but increased risk of infective endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ASD//VSD - Treatment

A

Medically treated at first as may close naturally

Otherwise, surgery required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

Aorta is narrowed at the site of the ductus arteriosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Coarctation of aorta - Complications (mild and severe)

A

Mild - Raised BP

Severe - Blocked aorta, heart failure, IE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Coarctation of aorta - Treatment

A

Surgery

Stent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Blue-ish discolouration of skin etc, due to excessive concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most common cyanotic cardiac disorder?

A

Tetralogy of fallot (TOF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tetralogy of fallot (TOF) - 4 features

A

VSD
Pulmonary stenosis
RV hypertrophy
Overriding aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tetralogy of fallot (TOF) - Treatment

A

Surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ECG - PQRST

A

P wave - Atria depolarise
PR interval - Delay of AV node to allow ventricle filling
QRS complex - Ventricles depolarise
ST segment - Beginning of ventricle repolarisation
T wave - Ventricles repolarise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Myocardial ischaemia - 2 Causes

A

Reduced blood flow to heart muscle due to clot/atheroma

Reduced O2 carrying capacity (Anaemia) or availability (Hypoxia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ischemic heart disease - Risk factors

A

Modifiable - Smoking, obesity, exercise, diet
Clinical - Hypertension, diabetes
Non-modifiable - Age, genetics, gender (m>f)
Psychosocial - High stress jobs, low social interaction and support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which tool predicts risk of cardiovascular disease in next 10 years?

A

QRISK2 score

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Angina pectoris - Presentation

A 
Chest pain on exertion but rapidly resolves with rest
May radiate to arms, jaw and neck
Dyspnoea 
Palpitations
Syncope (fainting)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Angina pectoris - 4 Investigations (BECA)

A

ECG - ST depression, T wave inversion
Bloods - Anaemia
CXR - Heart size and pulmonary vessels
Angiogram - Luminal narrowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Angina pectoris - Treatment

A

Lifestyle - Diet, exercise, stop smoking
Medical - Control hypertension and diabetes
Drugs - GTN spray (chest pain), B-blocker, aspirin, ACE-inhibitor, ivabradine (HR lowering)
PCTA - Stenting (ballooning) the narrowing
CABG is another option

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) - Pathology
Plaque rupture leads to thrombosis and inflammation | Necrosis and myocyte death
26
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) - ECG changes
STEMI (ST elevation MI) - ST elevation NSTEMI (Non STEMI) - ST depression, T inversion Ischaemia - ST depression, T wave flat Q waves - indicate previous infarctions
27
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) myocardial infarction (MI) localisation and affected artery
``` Anterior/septal MI - LAD Lateral - LCX Inferior - RCA/RCX Posterior - RCX Right ventricle/atrial - RCA ```
28
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) - Investigations (EBC)
ECG (acute) - ST elevation ECG (days) - T wave inversion, Q waves Bloods - FBC, U&E Cardiac enzymes - Raised troponin, CK (Creatine kinase), myoglobin
29
Which angina is stable?
Angina pectoris
30
Unstable angina - Investigations
FBC - Anaemia Cardiac enzymes ECG - ST depression Coronary angiography
31
Myocardial infarction (MI) - Pathology
Plaque rupture leads to a clot which occludes a coronary artery causing myocardial cell death and inflammation
32
Myocardial infarction - Signs and symptoms
Signs - Pale, pansystolic murmur, peripheral oedema | Symptoms - Acute central chest pain radiating to jaw/shoulder, lasting over 20 mins, SOB, palpitations
33
Which tends to be more dangerous STEMI or NSTEMI?
STEMI>NSTEMI
34
STEMI - Acute management
1) 12-lead ECG 2) Oxygen 3) Establish IV access 4) Aspirin 5) Morphine and anti-emetic 6) B-blocker and ACE-inhibitor 7) Refer for PCI (Stent) or thrombolysis ASAP
35
STEMI - Chronic management (ABAS)
``` Aspirin B-blocker (Verapamil) ACE-inhibitor Statin (lower cholesterol) Address modifiable risk factors (exercise) ```
36
Name 2 life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias
Ventricular tachycardia | Ventricular fibrillation
37
Differential diagnosis of chest pain
Cardiac - ACS Resp - PE, pneumonia MSK - Rib fracture/chest trauma GI - GORD
38
Peripheral arterial disease - Signs and symptoms
Signs - Absent pulses, ulcers | Symptoms - Cramping pain in calves, thighs and buttocks relieved by rest
39
Peripheral arterial disease - 6 Ps of limb ischaemia
``` Pain Pallor (pale) Pulselessness Paraesthesis (pins and needles sensation) Paralysis Perishing cold ```
40
Peripheral arterial disease - Investigations
Colour duplex US (ultrasound) - Blood vessels flow CT angiography - Stenoses/vessel quality Blood tests - Raised CK due to muscle damage
41
Peripheral arterial disease - Management
Risk factor modification - stop smoking, diet (lower fat/chol), exercise Medication - Anti-platelet (Clopidogrel) PTA (stent) /surgery - correct stenosis
42
Critical limb ischemia - Symptoms (6Ps)
``` Pain Pallor (pale) Pulselessness Paraesthesis (pins and needles sensation) Paralysis Perishing cold ```
43
Critical limb ischemia - Causes
Thrombosis Emboli Trauma Graft occlusion
44
Critical limb ischemia - Management
Surgical embolectomy Local thrombolysis with t-PA If not revascularised within 6 hrs then amputation last resort
45
What is heart failure?
Symptomatic condition where breathlessness, fluid retention and fatigue are associated with a cardiac abnormality that reduces cardiac output
46
Heart failure - 2 Types
Systolic - Failure to contract (IHD, MI) | Diastolic - Inability to relax (Hypertension, cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis)
47
Heart failure - 2 Types of output
Low output HF - Decreased cardiac output which fails to increase with exertion (due to pump failure) High output HF - Anaemia, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
48
Heart failure - 3 Compensatory changes to increase preload/afterload
``` Sympathetic stimulation (peripheral vasoconstriction) RAAS (salt/water retention, vasoconstriction) Cardiac changes (Myocyte hypertrophy) ```
49
Heart failure - 4 Mechanisms
1) Increased preload 2) Increased afterload 3) Salt and water retention 4) Myocardial remodelling
50
Left-sided HF - Signs and symptoms
Signs - Cardiomegaly, reduced BP, tachycardia, heart murmur, 3rd/4th heart sounds Symptoms - Dyspnoea, fatigue, nocturnal cough (pink, frothy sputum)
51
Right-sided HF - Causes
Left ventricular failure (LVF) Pulmonary stenosis Lung disease
52
Right-sided HF - Signs and symptoms
Signs - Raised JVP (jugular venous pressure), hepatomegaly, pitting oedema, weight gain (fluid), ascites (fluid in abdomen) Symptoms - Peripheral oedema, ascites, nausea, anorexia
53
Heart failure - Investigations
``` Bloods - FBC, U&E, LFT Cardiac enzymes - Creatinine kinase (CK), troponin CXR ECG Echo (TTE) ```
54
Heart failure - Management
``` Lifestyle - SED (Quit smoking, exercise, diet) Loop diuretics ACEi B-blockers Aldosterone antagonists ```
55
Heart failure - Treatment
Acute - Oxygen, GTN, diamorphine, furosemide (IV where poss) | Chronic - Ramipril (ACEi), atenolol (B-blocker), amlodipine (vasodilator), furosemide (loop diuretic)
56
Cardiac dysrhythmias - 2 Types
Bradycardia - <60bpm | Tachycardia - >100bpm
57
What is sinus tachycardia?
>100bpm | Physiological response to exercise/excitement
58
Causes of sinus tachycardia?
Heart failure Anaemia Acute PE Hypovolaemia (decreased blood/fluid in body)
59
Sinus tachycardia - Management
Beta-blocker (Atenolol)
60
What is a supraventricular tachycardia?
Tachycardia which arises from the atrium or atrioventricular junction
61
Supraventricular tachycardia - 4 Types
Atrial fibrillation Atrial flutter AV nodal re-entry tachycardia (AVNRT AV reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT)
62
Which is the most common arrhythmia?
Atrial fibrillation
63
Atrial fibrillation - 2 Causes
Any condition causing raised atrial pressure (Heart failure, hypertension)
64
Atrial fibrillation - Pathophysiology
1) Atrial over-activation 2) Only a proportion of these impulses are conducted to ventricles due to refractory period of AVN 3) HR increased - Tachycardia
65
Atrial fibrillation - Symptoms
Palpitations Fatigue Heart failure
66
Atrial fibrillation - Management
B-blocker - Atenolol (rate control) Electrical DC cardioversion (rhythm control) Warfarin (anti-coag)
67
Atrial fibrillation - ECG pattern
Irregular F waves (sawtooth flutter waves) No clear P waves QRS is rapid and irregular
68
Which tool is used to calculate stroke risk in atrial fibrillation (AF) ?
CHADS2VASc score
69
What is atrial flutter often associated with?
Atrial fibrillation
70
Atrial flutter - ECG pattern
F waves (sawtooth flutter waves)
71
What is the HR in sinus bradycardia?
HR - <60bpm
72
Bradycardia - Causes
Extrinsic - B-blocker, digoxin, hypothyroidism, hypothermia, raised intracranial pressure Intrinsic - Acute ischaemia, SAN infarction
73
Bradycardia - Treatment
Atropine (increase HR) | Temporary pacing
74
Heart block - 2 Types
``` AV block (AVN/bundle of his blocked) Lower conduction system block (RBBB/LBBB - Right/Left bundle branch block) ```
75
Heart block - Causes
Cardiomyopathy Fibrosis of conducting tissues Coronary artery disease
76
What is 1st degree heart block?
Delayed AV conduction (PR interval prolonged)
77
1st Degree heart block - Causes
Myocarditis | Hypokalaemia
78
1st Degree heart block - Treatment
Asymptomatic so no treatment
79
2nd Degree heart block - 2 Types
Mobitz type 1 | Mobitz type 2
80
2nd Degree heart block mobitz type 1 - ECG pattern
Progressive PR interval prolongation until P wave fails to conduct and QRS drops Cycle repeats
81
2nd Degree heart block mobitz type 1 - Symptoms
Light headedness Dizziness Syncope (temporary drop in BP leading to fainting)
82
2nd Degree heart block mobitz type 2 - ECG pattern
PR interval same | QRS drops
83
2nd Degree heart block mobitz type 2 - Symptoms
Chest pain SOB Postural hypotension
84
What is 3rd degree heart block?
Complete heart block | All atrial activity fails to conduct to ventricles (no association between atrial and ventricular activity)
85
3rd Degree heart block - ECG pattern
P waves and QRS complex are independent
86
3rd Degree heart block - Causes
Coronary heart disease Infection Hypertension
87
3rd Degree heart block - Management
``` IV atropine (acute) Pacemaker insertion ```
88
Bundle branch block - 2 Types
RBBB (Right bundle branch block) | LBBB (Left bundle branch block)
89
Bundle branch block - Causes
RBBB - PE, IHD | LBBB - IHD, aortic valve disease
90
Valvular disease - 4 Types
Aortic stenosis Aortic regurgitation Mitral stenosis Mitral regurgitation
91
Aortic stenosis - 3 Types
Supravalvular Subvalvular Valvular
92
Aortic stenosis - Causes
Congenital bicuspid valve Degenerative calcification Rheumatic heart disease
93
Aortic stenosis - Symptoms (SAHD)
Syncope (exertional) Angina Heart failure Dyspnoea
94
Aortic stenosis - Investigations
ECG Echocardiography (diagnostic) CXR - LVH (left ventricular hypertrophy), calcified aortic valve
95
Aortic stenosis - Management
General - Dental hygiene/care | Surgical - Valve replacement
96
What is mitral regurgitation?
Backflow of blood from LV>LA during systole
97
Mitral regurgitation - Causes
IE | Mitral valve prolapse
98
Mitral regurgitation - Pathophysiology
``` Volume overload leads to dilation Compensatory mechanisms (left atrial enlargement, LVH and increased contractility) ```
99
Mitral regurgitation - Symptoms
Dyspnoea (exertive) Palpitations Fatigue
100
Mitral regurgitation - Investigations
Echocardiogram CXR - Enlarged LA/LV ECG
101
Mitral regurgitation - Treatment
``` ACEi (vasodilator) B-blocker (AF rate control) Anti-coag - AF/flutter Diuretics Valve replacement ```
102
What is aortic regurgitation?
Blood leakage into LV during diastole due to ineffective coaptation of aortic cusps
103
Aortic regurgitation - Causes
IE | Bicuspid aortic valve
104
Aortic regurgitation - Pathophysiology
Combined pressure and volume overload leads to LV dilation, and so LVH too
105
Aortic regurgitation -Symptoms
Dyspnoea (exertional)
106
Aortic regurgitation - Investigation
Echocardiogram ECG CXR - Cardiomegaly
107
Aortic regurgitation - Management
ACEi | Valve replacement
108
What is mitral stenosis?
Obstruction of LV inflow that prevents sufficient filling during diastole
109
Mitral stenosis - Causes
IE Rheumatic heart disease Mitral calcification Congenital
110
Mitral stenosis - Signs and symptoms
Signs - Malar flush (cheeks), Shallow pulse | Symptoms - Dyspnoea, fatigue, palpitations, chest pain
111
Mitral stenosis - Investigations
Echocardiogram CXR - LA enlargement ECG - AF
112
Mitral stenosis - Management
Rate control for AF (B-blocker) Anti-coag (Warfarin) Diuretics Valvotomy
113
What is shock?
Circulatory failure resulting in inadequate organ perfusion | Low BP - Systolic <90mmHg
114
Shock - 4 Types (SHAN)
Septic - Infection (acute vasodilation from inflammatory cytokines) Anaphylactic - Type-1 IgE-mediated hypersensitivity (histamine released) Neurogenic - Spinal cord injury/anaesthesia, epidural Hypovolaemic - Bleeding, trauma, ruptured aortic aneurysm, GI bleed
115
Septic shock/Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) - 4 Features
Extremes of body temp (hot/cold) - Over 38/under 36 degrees Tachycardia Increased resp rate Increased WBC
116
Septic shock - Management
ABC - Airways, breathing, circulation | Blood cultures then antibiotics
117
Hypertension - Risk factors
``` Obesity/unhealthy diet Lack of physical activity Afro-carib Male>female Old age Family history ```
118
Hypertension - Investigation
Check BP If over 140/90 start BP monitoring If over 180/110 start anti-hypertensive drugs
119
End-organ damage - Test
Urine analysis (kidney) ECG/echo - LVH History - MI/stroke Fundoscopy - Hypertensive retinopathy
120
Hypertension - Causes
Renal (CKD), endocrine disease, aortic coarctation, pregnancy
121
Hypertension - Lifestyle changes
``` Stop smoking Low-fat/salt diet Reduce alcohol Increase exercise Reduce weight if obese ```
122
Hypertension - Treatment
ACEi B-blocker Diuretics Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) - BP lowering
123
Hypertension - Signs and symptoms
Signs - Severe HTN - 200/130mmHg, bilateral retinal haemorrhages, papillooedema Symptoms - Headache, visual disturbance
124
Hypertension - Complications
Acute kidney injury Heart failure Encephalopathy (brain damage)
125
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericardium
126
Pericarditis - Causes
Idiopathic (any condition which arises spontaneously with unknown cause) Viral infection Autoimmune Dressler syndrome (inflammation of pericardium after MI)
127
Acute pericarditis - Symptoms
Central pain, worse on inspiration/lying flat, relieved by sitting forward
128
Acute pericarditis - Investigations
Stethescope auscultation (scratching sound - pericardial friction rub) ECG - ST elevation, PR depression Cardiac enzymes - Increased troponin
129
Acute pericarditis - Treatment
Aspirin (NSAID) | PPI (gastric protection)
130
Acute pericarditis - Complications
``` Chronic constrictive pericarditis (fibrosis) - Remove by surgical excision Pericardial effusion (fluid accumulation) - Pericardiocentesis (drainage of pericardial fluid) ```
131
Beck's triad - 3 Features
Falling BP Rising JVP Muffled heart sounds
132
Aneurysm - 2 Types
True aneurysm - Affects all 3 layers of vessel (intima, media, adventitia) False aneurysm - Collection of blood under adventitia only
133
Aneurysm - Causes (CAT)
Connective tissue disorders (Mafan's) Atheroma Trauma
134
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) - Investigation
``` Aortic ultrasound (screening) CT angiography (suspected rupture - assessing for surgery) ```
135
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) - Signs and symptoms
Signs - Expansile abdo mass/pulsatile | Symptoms - Abdo/back pain
136
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) - Treatment
Surgery
137
What is aortic dissection?
Tear of intima Blood then flows into aortic media and splits it Leads to occlusion of aortic branches
138
Aortic dissection - Symptoms
Sudden tearing chest pain, radiating to back
139
Aortic dissection - 2 Types
Type A - Involves ascending aorta | Type B - Doesn't involve ascending aorta
140
Aortic dissection - Treatment
Surgery for both types | Antihypertensive drugs for type B also
141
Aortic dissection - Investigation
CT | MRI

Phase 2A Med Concise (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions