Respiratory

Question 1

what are the functions of the nose?

Answer 1

warms and humidifies inspired air

filters inspired air of pathogens using cilia in nose which trap particulates

defence function - cilia take inhaled particulates backwards to be swallowed

Question 2

what do cilia in the nose do?

Answer 2

trap particulates, then take inhaled particulates backwards to be swallowed

Question 3

where do the anterior nares open into?

Answer 3

enlarged vestibule (skin lined and has stiff hairs)

Question 4

what do turbinates do? what do they create?

Answer 4

SA of nose is doubled

superior, middle and inferior meatuses

Question 5

what is the superior meatus?

Answer 5

has olfactory epithelium

olfactory nerve penetrates into superior meatus through pores in the cribriform plate

sphenoid sinus drains here

Question 6

what is the middle meatus?

Answer 6

more sinuses drain here

Question 7

what is the inferior meatus?

Answer 7

nasolacrimal duct drains here

Question 8

what are paranasal sinuses?

Answer 8

pneumatised areas of the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid bones

arranged in pairs

Question 9

what are pneumatised areas?

Answer 9

a bone that is hollow or contains many air cells

Question 10

where are the frontal sinuses?

Answer 10

within frontal bone

lie over orbit

Question 11

what is the innervation of the frontal sinuses?

Answer 11

opthalamic division (V1) of the trigeminal nerve (CNV)

Question 12

where are the maxillary sinuses? what is their shape?

Answer 12

body of the maxilla

pyramidal shape

Question 13

what is the innervation of the maxillary sinus?

Answer 13

maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (V2)

Question 14

what is the base, apex, roof and floor of the maxillary sinus?

Answer 14

lateral wall of nose

zygomatic process of the maxilla

floor of the orbit

alveolar process

Question 15

where do the maxillary sinuses open into?

Answer 15

middle meatus at the hiatus semilunaris, underneath the frontal sinus opening

Question 16

how are the frontal sinuses shaped?

Answer 16

triangularly

Question 17

where do the frontal sinuses drain?

Answer 17

nasal cavity via the frontonasal duct, which opens out at the hiatus semilunaris on the lateral wall

Question 18

what ethmoidal sinuses are there? where do they empty?

Answer 18

anterior: hiatus semilunaris
middle: ethmoid bulla
posterior: superior meatus

Question 19

where are ethmoid sinuses located?

Answer 19

between the eyes

labyrinth of air cells

Question 20

what is the innervation of ethmoid sinuses?

Answer 20

opthalamic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve

Question 21

where do ethmoid sinuses open into?

Answer 21

middle meatus

Question 22

where are sphenoid sinuses located?

Answer 22

medial to cavernous sinus

inferior to optic canal, dura and pituitary gland

v close to pituitary gland

Question 23

what does the cavernous sinus contain?

Answer 23

internal carotid artery, oculomotor nerve, trochlear, trigeminal and abducens

Question 24

where does the sphenoid sinus empty into?

Answer 24

sphenoethmoidal recess, lateral to attachment of the nasal septum

Question 25

what is the innervation of the sphenoid sinuses?

Answer 25

opthalamic branch of trigeminal nerve

Question 26

what is the pharynx?

Answer 26

fibromuscular tube which takes filtered air from the nose to the larynx

skull base to C6

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 27

what is the pharynx lined by?

Answer 27

squamous and columnar ciliated epithelium