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Peer teaching > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

what is the embryology of the gut?

A

foregut, midgut, hindgut

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2
Q

what is the foregut? what is its blood supply/contents?

A

starts from mouth to the common bile duct

pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, proximal half of the duodenum and the derivative (liver, biliary apparatus and pancreas)

celiac trunk

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3
Q

what is the midgut? what is its blood supply/contents?

A

common bile duct to proximal 2/3s of the transverse colon

distal half of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3s of transverse colon

SMA

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4
Q

what is the hindgut? what is its blood supply/contents?

A

distal 2/3s of transverse colon to anal canal

distal 2/3s of transverse colon, descending colon sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal

IMA

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5
Q

what is embryonic folding? when does it occur?

A

4th week of development

embryo begins to fold and change shape from a flat trilaminar disk into a cylinder

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6
Q

in what planes does embryonic folding occur? why?

A

horizontal and medial planes

due to differing rates of growth of structures

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7
Q

what does folding in the horizontal plane lead to?

A

formation of 2 lateral body folds

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8
Q

what does folding in the medial plane lead to?

A

cranial and caudal folds

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9
Q

when does folding in planes occur in relation to eachother?

A

simultaneously

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10
Q

what is mainly responsible for the development of the GI tract?

A

endoderm

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11
Q

how is the primitive gut tube formed? what is it derived from?

A

as embryonic folding continues, the endoderm moves towards the midline and fuses - incorporating dorsal part of the yolk sac to form the primitive gut tube

endoderm and visceral mesoderm

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12
Q

what does endoderm give rise to?

A

epithelial lining of digestive tract

hepatocytes of liver

endocrine and exocrine cells of the pancreas

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13
Q

what does the visceral mesoderm give rise to?

A

muscle, connective tissue and peritoneal components of gut wall

connective tissue for the glands

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14
Q

what does the primitive gut tube differentiate into?

A

foregut, midgut and hindgut

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15
Q

where does the foregut lie? how does it develop?

A

cranial end of the embryo

temporarily closed by oropharyngeal membrane which ruptures at the end of the 4th week to form the mouth

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16
Q

how does the mouth develop?

A

foregut is temporarily closed by oropharyngeal membrane - ruptures at end of 4th week

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17
Q

where does the midgut lie? how does it develop?

A

between the foregut and hindgut

connected to yolk sac until 5th week of development

connection narrows into stalk called vitelline duct

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18
Q

how is the vitelline duct develop?

A

connects midgut to yolk sac

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19
Q

where does the hindgut lie? how does it develop?

A

caudal end of the embryo

temporarily closed by cloacal membrane - ruptures during 7th week to form anus

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20
Q

how does the anus develop?

A

hindgut is temporarily closed by cloacal membrane - ruptures during 7th week

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21
Q

what are the pharyngeal arches?

A

part of foregut

extend from oropharyngeal membrane to respiratory diverticulum

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22
Q

when do pharyngeal arches develop?

A

4th and 5th week

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23
Q

how many arches are there?

A

5: 1,2,3,4,6

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24
Q

what contributes to the external appearance of the embryo?

A

pharyngeal arches

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25
Q

what are the pharyngeal arches formed by? what are they covered by?

A

masses of mesenchymal tissue - invaded by cranial neural crest cells

externally by endoderm (pharyngeal clefts)
internally by ectoderm (pharyngeal pouches)

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26
Q

what forms the pharyngeal clefts?

A

pharyngeal arch covered externally by endoderm

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27
Q

what forms the pharyngeal pouches?

A

pharyngeal arch covered internally by ectoderm

28
Q

what is mesenchymal tissue?

A

connective tissue derived from mesoderm

29
Q

what do the pharyngeal arches develop into?

A

structures of the pharynx and larynx

30
Q

what is the innervation of the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

mandibular nerve (V3)

31
Q

what muscles does the 1st pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

mastication, tensor tympani, digastric, mylohyoid, tensor veli palatinii

32
Q

what bones does the 1st pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

maxilla, mandible, incus, malleus, sphenomandibular ligament, zygomatic bone

33
Q

what pharyngeal cleft gives rise to what permanent structure in the adult?

A

1st cleft - external auditory meatus

34
Q

what do the other clefts form? what are they then obliterated by?

A

2nd, 3rd, 4th - temporary cervical sinuses

rapidly proliferating 2nd pharyngeal arch

35
Q

what muscles does the 2nd pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid

36
Q

what bones does the 2nd pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

stapes, styloid and lesser horn of hyoid cartilage

37
Q

what is the innervation of the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

facial nerve

38
Q

what is the innervation of the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

39
Q

what muscles does the 3rd pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

stylopharyngeus of the pharynx

40
Q

what bones does the 3rd pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

body and greater horn of hyoid cartilage

41
Q

what is the innervation of the 4th pharyngeal arch?

A

superior laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve (X)

42
Q

what muscles does the 4th pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

cricothyroid

43
Q

what bones does the 4th pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

thyroid cartilage and epiglottic cartilage

44
Q

what is the innervation of the 6th pharyngeal arch?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve (X)

45
Q

what muscles does the 6th pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid

46
Q

what bones does the 6th pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages

47
Q

when do the respiratory diverticulum appear? where?

A

at 4th week

end of pharynx and beginning of oesophagus, at ventral wall of foregut

48
Q

what separates the respiratory diverticulum from the dorsal foregut?

A

tracheoesophageal septum - divided into ventral respiratory primordium and dorsal oesophagus

49
Q

how does the oesophagus develop?

A

initially it’s short, but it lengthens rapidly with descent of heart and lungs

50
Q

what are mesenteries?

A

double layers of peritoneum

surround and organ and connect it to the body wall (intraperitoneal)

51
Q

what is an intraperitoneal organ?

A

mesentery surrounding an organ and connecting it to the body wall

52
Q

what is a retroperitoneal organ?

A

sitting directly on posterior abdominal wall and covered by peritoneum on its anterior surface only

53
Q

what are ligaments?

A

double layers of peritoneum which pass from one organ to another or from one organ to the body wall

54
Q

what can mesenteries provide?

A

pathways for blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to go to and come from the abdominal viscera

55
Q

when does the dorsal mesentery appear? what does it do?

A

5th week

lower part of foregut, midgut and major part of hindgut are suspended from posterior abdominal wall by dorsal mesentery

56
Q

where does the dorsal mesentery extend?

A

from the lower part of the oesophagus to the cloacal region

57
Q

where is the ventral mesentery present?

A

only in foregut - terminal part of oesophagus, stomach and upper part of the duodenum

58
Q

what mesenteries does the foregut have?

A

ventral and dorsal

59
Q

what mesenteries do the midgut and hindgut have?

A

dorsal mesentery

60
Q

where is the ventral mesentery derived from?

A

septum transversum

61
Q

what does the free lower margin of the ventral mesentery contain?

A

hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct

62
Q

what develops in the ventral mesentery?

A

liver

divides it into the lesser omentum and the falciform ligament

63
Q

when does the stomach first appear?

A

fusiform (spiral shaped) dilation in the foregut in the 4th week

64
Q

why does the position and appearance of the stomach change?

A

different rates of growth in various regions of the wall

65
Q

how is the developing stomach attached to body walls?

A

dorsal and ventral mesentaries

66
Q

what lies beside the developing stomach?

A

left and right vagus nerves

67
Q

what forms the greater and lesser curvatures of the stomach?

A

dorsal wall grows faster than the ventral wall

Peer teaching (10 decks)

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