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MSK anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

categories of muscles in anterior forearm

A

superficial, intermediate and deep

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2
Q

what do muscles in the anterior compartment perform, in general?

A

flexion at wrist and fingers

pronation

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3
Q

what are the superficial muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm? where do they originate from?

A

flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis and pronator teres

common tendon which arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus

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4
Q

what are the attachments of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

originates from the medial epicondyle with other superficial flexors

long origin from the ulna

passes into wrist, attaches to pisiform carpal bone

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5
Q

what are the actions of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

flexion and adduction at the wrist

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6
Q

what is the innervation of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

ulnar nerve

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7
Q

what are the attachments of the palmaris longus?

A

originates from the medial epicondyle

attaches to the flexor retinaculum of the wrist

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8
Q

what are the actions of the palmaris longus?

A

flexion at the wrist

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9
Q

what is the innervation of the palmaris longus?

A

median nerve

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10
Q

what are the attachments of the flexor carpi radialis?

A

originates from medial epicondyle

attaches to base of metacarpals II and III

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11
Q

what are the attachments of the flexor carpi radialis?

A

flexion and abduction at the wrist

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12
Q

what is the innervation of the flexor carpi radialis?

A

median nerve

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13
Q

what does the lateral border of the pronator teres form?

A

medial border of the cubital fossa (anatomical triangle located over the elbow)

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14
Q

what are the attachments of the pronator teres?

A

originates from the medial epicondyle and from the coronoid process of the ulna

attaches laterally to the mid-shaft of the radius

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15
Q

what are the actions of the pronator teres?

A

pronation of the forearm

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16
Q

what is the innervation of the pronator teres?

A

median nerve

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17
Q

what is the muscle in the intermediate compartment?

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

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18
Q

why is the flexor digitorum superficialis used as an anatomical landmark?

A

median nerve and ulnar artery pass between its two heads, then travel posteriorly

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19
Q

what are the attachments of the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

2 heads - one originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, other from the radius

splits into 4 tendons at wrist, which travel through the carpal tunnel

attaches to middle phalanges of 4 fingers

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20
Q

what are the actions of the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

flexes metacarpophalangeal joints and proximal interphalangeal joints at the 4 fingers

flexes at the wrist

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21
Q

what is the innervation of the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

median nerve

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22
Q

what are the muscles in the deep anterior forearm?

A

flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus

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23
Q

what are the attachments of the flexor digitorum profundus?

A

originates from ulna and associated interosseous membrane

splits into 4 tendons at wrist, pass through carpal tunnel

attach to distal phalanges of 4 fingers

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24
Q

what are the actions of the flexor digitorum profundus?

A

flex distal interphalangeal joints of the fingers

flexes at metacarpophalangeal joints and at wrist

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25
Q

what is the innervation of the flexor digitorum profundus?

A

medial half - ulnar nerve

lateral half - anterior interosseous branch of median nerve

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26
Q

what does the medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus act on?

A

little and ring fingers

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27
Q

what does the lateral half of the flexor digitorum profundus act on?

A

middle and index fingers

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28
Q

where does the flexor pollicis longus lie?

A

laterally to FDP

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29
Q

what are the attachments of the flexor pollicis longus?

A

originates from anterior surface of radius and surrounding interosseous membrane

attaches to base of distal phalanx of thumb

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30
Q

what is the innervation of the flexor pollicis longus?

A

median nerve (anterior interosseous branch)

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31
Q

what is the shape of the pronator quadratus? where is it found?

A

square shaped

deep to tendons of FDP and FPL

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32
Q

what are the attachments of the pronator quadratus?

A

originates from anterior surface of ulna

attaches to the anterior surface of radius

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33
Q

what are the actions of the pronator quadratus?

A

pronates forearm

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34
Q

what is the innervation of the pronator quadratus?

A

median nerve (anterior interosseous branch)

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35
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the brachioradialis?

A

origin from lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

inserted to distal end of radius just above its styloid process

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36
Q

what is the action of the brachioradialis?

A

flexor of the elbow

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37
Q

what is the innervation of the brachioradialis?

A

radial nerve

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38
Q

what bones in the wrist and hand are commonly injured?

A

scaphoid and 5th metacarpal

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39
Q

what is the arterial supply to the upper limb provided by?

A

proximal to distal: subclavian artery, axillary artery, brachial artery, radial artery, ulnar artery

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40
Q

divisions of the subclavian artery

A

first part: origin of the subclavian artery to the medial border of the anterior scalene

second part: posterior to the anterior scalene

third part: lateral border of anterior scalene to the lateral border of the first rib

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41
Q

where does the axillary artery lie? what is it enclosed in?

A

deep to the pectoralis minor

enclosed in the axillary sheath

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42
Q

what is the axillary sheath?

A

a fibrous layer covering the artery and three cords of the brachial plexus

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43
Q

divisions of the axillary artery

A

first part: proximal to pectoralis minor

second part: posterior to pectoralis minor

third part: distal to pectoralis minor

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44
Q

branches of the axillary artery in its first part

A

superior thoracic artery

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45
Q

branches of the axillary artery in its second part

A

thoracoacromial artery

lateral thoracic artery

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46
Q

branches of the axillary artery in its third part

A

subscapular artery

anterior and posterior circumflex arteries

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47
Q

what do the anterior and posterior circumflex arteries of the axillary artery form?

A

anastomotic network around surgical neck of the humerus

can be damaged in fractures

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48
Q

when is the axillary artery renamed? into what?

A

lower border of the teres major muscle

brachial artery

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49
Q

what is the main blood supply of the arm?

A

brachial artery

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50
Q

what does the brachial artery give off? where?

A

distal to the teres major

profunda brachii (deep artery)

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51
Q

how does the profundal brachii travel? what does it supply?

A

with radial nerve in radial groove of the humerus

supplies structures in posterior aspect of the upper arm

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52
Q

what are the structures in the posterior aspect of the upper arm supplied by?

A

profunda brachii

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53
Q

how does the profunda brachii terminate?

A

contributing to an anastomotic network around elbow joint

54
Q

how does the brachial artery terminate?

A

terminates by bifurcating into radial and ulnar arteries

underneath bicipital aponeurosis

55
Q

how are the radial and ulnar arteries formed?

A

by bifurcation of brachial artery within cubital fossa

56
Q

what does the radial artery supply?

A

posterolateral aspect of forearm

contributes to anastomotic networks surrounding elbow joint and carpal bones

57
Q

what does the ulnar artery supply?

A

anteromedial aspect of the forearm

contributes to an anastomotic network surrounding the elbow joint

58
Q

what does the ulnar artery give rise to?

A

anterior and posterior interosseous arteries - supply deeper structures in forearm

59
Q

anastomosis of radial and ulnar arteries

A

in hand

form superficial palmar arch and deep palmar arch

60
Q

how does the ulnar artery enter the hand?

A

anteriorly to the flexor retinaculum and laterally to ulnar nerve

61
Q

what does the ulnar artery give rise to in the hand?

A

deep palmar branch

continues laterally across the palm as the superficial palmar arch

62
Q

how does the radial artery enter the hand?

A

dorsally, crossing the floor of the anatomical snuffbox

63
Q

what does the radial artery give rise to?

A

supplies branch of the thumb, index finger and superficial palmar arch

continues as deep palmar arch

64
Q

arterial arches in the hand

A

superficial palmar arch

deep palmar arch

65
Q

where is the superficial palmar arch located?

A

anteriorly to the flexor tendons in the hand

deep to the palmar aponeurosis

66
Q

what does the superficial palmar arch give rise to?

A

digital arteries - supply four fingers

67
Q

where is the deep palmar arch located?

A

deep to the flexor tendons of the hand

68
Q

what does the deep palmar arch supply?

A

blood supply to the digits and to the wrist joint

69
Q

division of the venous system of the upper limb

A

superficial and deep

70
Q

main superficial veins

A

cephalic and basilic veins

71
Q

where are the cephalic and basilic veins located?

A

within subcutaneous tissue of the upper limb

72
Q

what is the course of the basilic vein?

A

originates from dorsal venous network of hand

ascends medial aspect of upper limb

73
Q

when does the basilic vein move deep into the arm?

A

at border of teres major

74
Q

how is the axillary vein formed?

A

basilic vein combines with brachial veins from the deep venous system to form axillary vein

75
Q

what is the course of the cephalic vein?

A

arises from dorsal venous network of the hand

ascends anterolateral aspect of upper limb

travels between deltoid and pectoralis major muscles and enters axilla region via clavipectoral triangle

76
Q

how does the cephalic vein enter the axilla region?

A

via clavipectoral triangle

77
Q

what does the cephalic vein drain into?

A

axillary vein in the axilla

78
Q

how and where are the cephalic and basilic veins connected?

A

at elbow by median cubital vein

79
Q

where is the deep venous system of the upper limb located?

A

underneath deep fascia

80
Q

what are the names of the deep veins?

A

brachial, radial, ulnar - same name as the artery they accompany

81
Q

what are perforating veins?

A

run between deep and superficial veins of upper limb, connecting the two system

82
Q

what is the wrist joint?

A

scaphoid and lunate articulating with radius

83
Q

what is the flexor retinaculum?

A

membranous band

spans between medial and lateral edges of the arch formed by carpal bones in coronal plane

forms carpal tunnel

84
Q

what are the carpal bones in the proximal row, lateral to medial?

A

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

85
Q

what are the carpal bones in the distal row, lateral to medial?

A

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

86
Q

what are the 2 groups of the muscles acting on the hand?

A

extrinsic and intrinsic

87
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the hand?

A

located in anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm

control crude movements and produce a forceful grip

88
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

A

within hand itself

responsible for fine motor functions of the hand

89
Q

what are the thenar muscles? what is their innervation?

A

three short muscles at the base of the thumb

muscle bellies produce a bulge - thenar eminence

fine movements of the thumb

median

opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis

90
Q

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the opponis pollicis?

A

originates from tubercle of trapezium and flexor retinaculum
inserts into lateral margin of metacarpal of thumb

opposes thumb by medially rotating and flexing metacarpal on trapezium

median nerve

91
Q

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the abductor pollicis brevis?

A

anterior to opponens pollicis and proximal to flexor pollicis brevis

originates from scaphoid and trapezium tubercles and flexor retinaculum
attaches to lateral side of proximal phalanx of thumb

abducts thumb

median nerve

92
Q

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the flexor pollicis brevis?

A

most distal

originates from the trapezium tubercle and flexor retinaculum
attaches to base of proximal phalanx of thumb

flexes metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb

median nerve. deep head by deep branch of ulnar nerve

93
Q

what are the hypothenar muscles? what is their innervation?

A

produce hypothenar eminence - muscular protrusion on medial side of the palm, at base of little finger

ulnar

opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis

94
Q

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the opponens digiti minimi?

A

lies deep to other hypothenar muscles

originates from hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum
inserts into medial margin of metacarpal V

rotates metacarpal of little finger towards palm, producing opposition

ulnar nerve

95
Q

what is the attachments, action and innervation of the abductor digiti minimi?

A

most superficial

originates from pisiform and tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
attaches to base of proximal phalanx of little finger

abducts little finger

ulnar nerve

96
Q

what are the attachments, action and innervation of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A

lies laterally to abductor digiti minimi

originates from hook of hamate and adjacent flexor retinaculum
inserts into base of proximal phalanx of little finger

flexes MCP joint of little finger

ulnar nerve

97
Q

what are lumbricals?

A

4 in each hand, each associated with a finger

link extensor tendons to flexor tendons

98
Q

what does denervation of lumbricals lead to?

A

ulnar claw and hand of benediction

99
Q

what are the types of lumbrical?

A

I and II - unipennate

III and IV - bipennate

100
Q

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the lumbricals?

A

originates from a tendon of flexor digitorum profundus
pass dorsally and laterally around each finger
insert into extensor hood

flex at MCP joint, extend at IP joints

lateral lumbricals - median nerve
medial lumbricals - ulnar nerve

101
Q

what are interossei? what groups can they be divided into?

A

between metacarpals

dorsal and palmar

102
Q

what are the actions of interossei?

A

abduction (dorsal interossei)
adduction (palmar interossei) of fingers

assist lumbricals in flexion at MCP joints and extension at IP joints

103
Q

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the dorsal interossei?

A

most superficial. 4/hand

originates from lateral and medial surfaces of metacarpals
attach into extensor hood and proximal phalanx of each finger

abduct fingers at MCP joint

ulnar nerve

104
Q

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the palmar interossei?

A

anterior on hand. 3/hand

originate from medial or lateral surface of metacarpal
attach into extensor hood and proximal phalanx of same finger

adducts fingers at MCP joint

ulnar nerve

105
Q

what are the other muscles in the hand?

A

palmaris brevis and adductor pollicis

106
Q

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of palmaris brevis?

A

small thin muscle found in subcutaneous tissue of the hypothenar eminence

originates from palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum
attaches to dermis of skin and medial margin of hand
wrinkles skin of hypothenar eminence and deepens curvature of hand

ulnar nerve

107
Q

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the adductor pollicis?

A

large triangular muscle with 2 heads

one head originates from metacarpal III, the other from the capitate and adjacent areas of metacarpals II and III
both attach into base of proximal phalanx of thumb

adductor of thumb

ulnar nerve

108
Q

what is the function of muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm? what is their innervation?

A

extensor muscles

produce extension at the wrist and fingers

radial nerve

109
Q

what are the layers of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm? how are they separated?

A

deep and superficial

layer of fascia

110
Q

what are the superficial muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

brachioradialis, extensor carpi longus and brevis, extensor digitorium, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris, aconeus

111
Q

what is the brachioradialis?

A

paradoxical - origin and innervation are characteristic of an extensor muscle, but it’s a flexor at elbow

112
Q

when is the brachioradialis most visible?

A

when forearm is half pronated and flexing at elbow against resistance

113
Q

what lies between the brachioradialis and deep flexor muscles?

A

radial artery and nerve

114
Q

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the brachioradialis?

A

originates from the proximal aspect of the lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
attaches to distal end of radius, before its styloid process

flexes at elbow

radial nerve

115
Q

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis?

A

ECRL originates from supracondylar ridge
ECRB originates from lateral epicondyle
tendons attach to metacarpal bones I and II

extends and abducts the wrist

radial nerve

116
Q

what is the extensor digitorum? how is it tested?

A

main extensor of the fingers

forearm is pronated and fingers extended against resistance

117
Q

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the extensor digitorum?

A

originates from lateral epicondyle
tendon continues into the distal part of forearm, and splits into four, and inserts into the extensor hood of each finger

extends medial 4 fingers at MCP and IP joints

radial nerve (deep branch)

118
Q

what is the attachment, action and innervation of the extensor digiti minimi?

A

originates from lateral epicondyle of humerus
attaches with extensor digitorum tendon into the extensor hood of little finger

extends little finger, contributes to wrist extension

radial nerve (deep branch)

119
Q

what are the attachments, action and innervation of the extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

originates from lateral epicondyle of humerus
attaches to base of metacarpal V

extension and adduction of wrist

radial nerve (deep branch)

120
Q

what is the aconeus?

A

situated medially and superiorly in extensor compartment

blended with fibres of triceps brachii

121
Q

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the aconeus?

A

originates from lateral epicondyle, attaches to posterior and lateral part of olecranon

extends and stabilises the elbow joint
abducts ulna during pronation of forearm

radial nerve

122
Q

what are the muscles in the deep layer of the posterior forearm?

A

supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus and extensor indicis

123
Q

what do the muscles in the deep layer of the posterior forearm act on?

A

except the supinator, they act on the thumb and index finger

124
Q

where does the supinator lie?

A

in floor of cubital fossa

125
Q

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the supinator?

A

one head originates from lateral epicondyle of humerus, other from posterior surface of ulna
insert into posterior surface of radius

supinates forearm

radial nerve (deep branch)

126
Q

where does the abductor pollicis longus lie?

A

immediately distal to supinator

127
Q

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the abductor pollicis longus?

A

originates from interosseous membrane and adjacent posterior surfaces of radius and ulna
attaches to lateral side of base of metacarpal I

abducts thumb

radial nerve (posterior interosseous branch)

128
Q

where does the extensor pollicis brevis lie?

A

medially and deep to abductor pollicis longus

129
Q

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the extensor pollicis brevis?

A

originates from posterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane
attaches to base of proximal phalanx of thumb

extends at MCP and CM joints of thumb

radial nerve (posterior interosseous branch)

130
Q

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the extensor pollicis longus?

A

originates from posterior surface of the ulna and interosseous membrane
attaches to distal phalanx of thumb

extends all joints of thumb: CM, MCP, IP

radial nerve (posterior interosseous branch)

131
Q

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the extensor indicis proprius?

A

originates from posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane, distal to extensor pollicis longus
attaches to extensor hood of index finger

extends index finger

radial nerve (posterior interosseous branch)

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