Respiratory Flashcards
So what is Pneumonia?
Inflammation of the lungs TYPICAL Two types: Alveolar May be focal or diffuse Usually bacterial, may be due to other agents Interstitial Diffuse and often bilateral Usually viral
symptoms
Fever ( 38 C),
shortness of breath,
cough (productive – loose yellowish and somewhat foul smelling)
A feeling of pain in the chest when inhaling during normal breathing
and is feeling generally very weak.
alveolar Pneumonia
Alveolar pneumoniaAcute inflammatory exudate and alveolar consolidation common
Bronchopneumonia
Patchy/multifocal involvement of one or more lobes
Patchy appearance radiographically
e.g. S.aureus, H.influenzae
get accumulation of PMNs and
Lobar pneumonia
Contiguous airspace involvement of all/part of a lobe
Solid areas of whiteout on chest radiographs
e.g. S.pneumoniae
get the accumulation in the peripheral cell- like a circle
bronchopneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
Patchy/multifocal involvement of one or more lobes
Patchy appearance radiographically
e.g. S.aureus, H.influenzae
lobar pneumonia
Lobar pneumonia
Contiguous airspace involvement of all/part of a lobe
Solid areas of whiteout on chest radiographs
e.g. S.pneumoniae
an intire lob in destroyed
most common in pneumonia
lobar pneumonia caused by s pneumoniae
Interstitial pneumonia
easy to miss Diffuse, Bilateral Inflammation mainly affects the alveolar septae and does not result in exudation in the alveolar spaces Reticular pattern on chest radiographs Causes: Viruses Mycoplasma pneumoniae Most cases resolve without consequences
Causes of Pneumonia
75% are caused by bacteria
50% Streptococcus pneumoniae
complications of pneumonia- 3
-Pleurisy (pleuritis) Inflammation of pleural surface May lead to Pyothorax (pus in pleural cavity) Empyema (fibrous encapsulated pus) -abscess formation -Chronic lung disease- cysts
Pulmonary Tuberculosisthink of it as a variation in the theme of pneumonia
Chronic bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
A huge world-wide problem
1.7 billion people infected
Saskatchewan has the highest rate in Canada
Tuberculosis is high in the reservations of Canadian First Nations
Rates are rising
Increased crowding and poverty
Inadequate vigilance
Increased immunocompromised people
Increasing drug resistance
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Waxy rod-shaped bacterium
Stainable with Ziehl-Neelson stain (“Acid-Fast”)
tuberculosis Infection
Infection: a tissue focus with viable organisms
Encapsulated bacterium causes granulomatous inflammation
Primary infective lesion resolves without incident in the majority of persons
Minority of infected persons develop disease
Viable organisms remain dormant for decades
Disease
Disease: active illness with resultant morbidity
Tb is really due to the response of the body to the presence of the bacteria rather than to any bacterial product.
Infected host is not contagious unless the disease is ACTIVE
Primary Tuberculosis
lots of macrophages come but cannot destroy them, lymphocytes come and releases cytokines which kills the tissue but not the tissueComponents of the primary
infection
Ghon focus (Type IV reaction)
A 1-1.5 cm. inflammatory (granulomatous) mass with central caseous necrosis in the lung
Usually upper part of lower lobes or lower parts of upper lobes
May have regional (mediastinal) lymphadenopathy
Ghon complex (Ghon focus + lymph nodes)
infected but dont have the desese
granulome
collection of macrophages
Secondary Tuberculosis
Occurs in sensitized host
Reactivation !!!of latent disease
Re-exposure!!!! to a new strain of tuberculosis
May cause isolated organ damage (lungs, kidney etc.) or be disseminated throughout the body through blood stream (miliary tuberculosis).
Swallowed bacilli may lead to gastrointestinal TB (rare now)
base of the lung in healthy- only affects the top
