chapter 2 inflammation Flashcards
what are the two causes of desease
congenital and acquired
congenital
inherited, Intrauterine Lesions- malformation
acquired
Inflammation – Neoplasia (cancer) – Immunologic (rhematoid arthritis) – Vascular (heart 0failure, heart attack – Endocrine (afrenal galnd) – Degeneration (alzheimers disease) – Iatrogenic (caused by the health care provider- example didn't wash hands properly)
what causes inflammation
Infection – Chemical Agents – Physical Agents (Radiation, Heat, Cold) – Trauma – Chronic Irritation
what is he difference btw acute and chronic inflamation
Inflammation of sudden onset and short
duration is characterized as acute, in contrast to
chronic inflammation, which lasts a long time
what is inflammation
Response of living tissue to irritation or injury
Inflammation occurs only in multicellular
organisms capable of mounting a
neurovascular and cellular response to injury
• In contrast to cell injury, which occurs at the
level of single cells, inflammation is a
coordinate reaction of the animal and human
body, and it involves nerves, vessels, blood
cells, and soluble mediators of inflammation
what is inflammations role
protective role, Some times the process may become
uncontrollable, producing more harm than
good. For example, pulmonary tuberculosis
elicits a protective tissue reaction. This
inflammatory response may erode pulmonary
vessels and cause massive bleeding
what are some side effects of inflammation
noxious. For example, fever, which initially
has a beneficial effect, may be so high that it
may cause death
can a gangrenous foot become inflammed
no because Inflammation occurs only in living
tissues
• Necrotic or dead tissue cannot
mount an inflammatory response.
what are the signs of inflammation
exam q: calor (heat) • rubor (redness) • tumor (swelling) • dolor (pain) • functio laesa or disturbed function, as the classical symptom
what is the bodies first response to blood flow
Hemodynamic (vascular) changes - change in blood flow represent the body’s first response
injury.
– The redness and swelling of the skin following a slap
on the face or spanking are typical examples of such a vascular response
what does an increase in blood flow do to regulate hemodynamic chages
The mechanic stimulus (ex. hand) stimulates nerves that
transmit signals to smooth muscle cells on precapillary arterioles. The smooth muscle cells
act as sphincters, regulating the inflow of blood into the capillaries
what is the first response of arterioles to an injurious stimulus, what is the second
vasoconstriction,
which lasts only a few seconds
• This is followed by vasodilatation (ie.,
relaxation of the precapillary sphincter), which results in flooding of
the capillary network with arterial
blood, manifested by redness and mild
swelling of the tissue engorged by blood
what is hyperemia
• Increased blood flow to capillaries (Vasodilatation) → Hyperemia – Red – Swelling → Pain – Heat – → Congestion The blood flow in dilated capillaries and venules is slow, which leads to congestion (the Latin root of which means “heaping together”)
what do rbc do in inflammation
Sludge & form rouleaux (stacks like
coins) - delay circulation further
what do wbc do in inflammation
are marginalized & attached to
endothelium (pavementing)
where are surface adhesion molecules found
e normally present on leukocytes and endothelial cells
what is the role of interleukins
soluble mediators of inflammation- which activates surface components of cells
what initiates clotting
Platelets adhere to endothelium-
The permeability of the vessel wall of
capillaries and postcapillary venules changes in response to inflammation as:
Increased pressure inside the congested blood vessels
• Slowing of the circulation, which reduces the
supply of oxygen and nutrients to endothelial
cells
• Adhesion of leukocytes and platelets to
endothelial cells
• The release of soluble mediators of
inflammation from inflammatory cells,
platelets, endothelial cells, and plasma
what two classes of substances do the mediators of inflammation belong to
plasma-derived
and
cell-derived
how do plasma-derived mediators circulate
in an inactive form and must be
transformed into an active form by an activator. There are numerous specific
and non-specific activators
how do cell-derived mediators mediate
Cell-derived mediators may be preformed and stored in granules of platelets and leukocytes, or they may be
synthesized de novo on demand.
what is an example of a preformed mediator
histamine( from Platelets & Mast Cells)