fluids and mostly cancer still Flashcards
EDEMA
Excess fluid in interstitial (intercellular) spaces or body cavities Depending upon its contents Transudates Exudates Depending upon its locations and extent Localized Organs Existing cavities Generalized
Transudates
fluid accumulations which are essentially salt and water (low protein, few cells)
what are the causes of transudates
CAUSES
- increase fluid volume
- increase (hydrostatic) pressure
- decrease plasma proteins (decrease oncotic pressure)
- Lymphatic blockage
increased fluid volume
fluid volume:
a) Kidney failure (retention of sodium)
- increase (hydrostatic) pressure with in the veins
a) Legs (prolonged standing);
b) Generalized (heart failure)
HYPERVOLEMIA
Excess water in extracellular space
Retention of water and Na – Congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, renal failure, excessive fluid replacement
EDEMA: Increase in the interstitial fluid (local, generalized). Excess third space fluid may also be included in this definition
HYPOVOLEMIA
Deficit of body fluid volume.
Loss (including hemorrhage), reduced intake, loss into third space
Dehydration: Result of decreased extracellular fluid (or increased Na+ in relation to water – hypertonic condition)
Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage: Blood has escaped from blood vessels
Hematoma
Hematoma: Leaked blood enough to form a mass
benign vs malignant
bening will be painful, the same colour as the tissue, will grow slow in most cases.
malignant will be different colours- painless, grow quickly , will most likely spred
how we name it, why do we need to distinguishe, chemical presentation- ulcers…, paraneoplasmic - not normaly expressed, displasia, desmoplasia,
need to know
treatment of cancer
surgery, radiation- for radiosensitive tumors- shrink tumor fast exemple- on neck and stoping breathing, chemotherapy- drugs that destroy the cancer cells- destroys normal cells aswell, other- experimental
why do cancers occur
DNA damage,
preneoplasmic
precancer, example of displasia
preneoplasma
stage in the early development of cancer
CARCINOGENESIS
CARCINOGENESISEnvironmental and Hereditary factors play important roles in causing genetic changesSome patients develop PRENEOPLASTIC LESIONS
Pathologic “space occupying lesions” that can evolve into frank neoplastic process
E.g. Colonic polyps
Majority require environmental insults
Some may be inherited from parents
Syndromes of defective DNA repair (e.g. ataxia telangiectasia)
cancer developmetn
turning off (hemosuppressor genes) turning on- - oncogene
tumor growth
normal cells becomes a transformed cell (ireversibly cancerous cell)- divides 30 times and it will become clinical detection of 1cm/1g - this is where it will show the symptoms (anorexia, )- divides 10 more time and will be 1kg and will be fatal
this is why it is best to identify early
breast cancer takes 2 month for 1 doubling
lung takes 150 days
not as effetive with chemo because takes a long time to devide
colon cancer takes 80 days but burkits lymphoma (1 day)or choriocarcinoma
dont need to know
the fast ones can be cured because chemo works better-
burkit lymphoma
BURKITT’S LYMPHOMAThe fastest growing human tumor
in jaw- tumor of the b cells
angiogenesis- forming there own blood supply
Blood supply is essential for tumor growth.
1-2 mm is maximum diffusion distance
Necrosis is common in tumors > 2mm in size.
Access to blood vessels is necessary for metastasis.
Angiogenic factors: FGF, VEGF etc.
Clinical importance:
Anti-angiogenic drugs
Block off a blood vessel supplying the tumor
1: can take away blood supply or
can give them drugs to stop new blood supply of being formed
cancer prevention
Lifestyle BALANCE Physical: Diet, exercise Psychological Social Proactive health management Regular physicals
