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Pathology 205 > immunopathology > Flashcards

immunopathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is immunogy

A

Immunology is a biological science that investigates the defensive
mechanisms of multicellular organisms against infection”

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2
Q

what are the four categories of pathogenic microorganism

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, eukaryotic parasites

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3
Q

who and what is the term innate immunity

A

The work of an immunologist, Professor Ilya Metchnikoff, who reported that pathogenic
microorganisms can be digested by phagocytic cells, or macrophages that are always
present in multicellular organisms introduced the term “innate immunity”

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4
Q

what is adaptive immunity

A

Dr. Emil von Behring and Dr. Shibasaburo Kitasoto demonstrated that
serum of organisms pre-immunised against diphtheria or tetanus carries a specific
antitoxic activity.This allowed to introduce the term “adaptive immunity”
or immunity against a pathogen developed during a lifetime of an individual organism

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5
Q

what are anti bodies

A

Protective activity of serum relies on the specific type of proteins, called antibodies

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6
Q

what are antigens

A

Antibodies are developed in a very specific manner against a variety of foreign
chemical structures that are called antigens

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7
Q

where do immun celll originate from

A

bone marrow

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8
Q

leukocytes

A

all cells of our immune system

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9
Q

what is Principles of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

A

Immune system is a network of effector cells and molecules
that act in a coordinated manner to protect multicellular
organisms from infectious agents and harmful substances

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10
Q

what is the first line of defence

A

macrophages

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11
Q

where do NK cells originate from

A

from common lymphoid progenerator

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12
Q

where do macrophage hang out and what is their fct

A

phagocytosis and activation of bacteriacidal mechanism
2nd fct is antigen presentationProvides a link between the innate immunity and adaptive immunity:
one of the antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
-= in in epithelial cells

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13
Q

what is mast cells

A

release of granules containing histamine and active agents- attract other immune cells

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14
Q

what are NK cells- natural killer

A

release lytic granules that kill some virus-infected cells

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15
Q

what are dendric cells

A

antigen uptake in peripheral sites

2nd: antigen presentation to T cells- helps inititate adaptive immune response

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16
Q

what Provides a major link between the innate immunity and adaptive immunity:
one of the APC’s

A

deneritic cells!!!!

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17
Q

what cells are part of adaptive immunity

A

b-cells, t-cells

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18
Q

what are adaptive cells

A

need to to be activated all have receptors on them but need antigen presenting cells- dendrite cells!!!!

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19
Q

what is the purpose of cytotoxix t cells

A

eliminate virus infected cells

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20
Q

what are memory t cells

A

hang around longer so that immune response can be very fast

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21
Q

what are b cells activated

A

by specific antigen binding- soluble agents

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22
Q

why do b cells need t cells

A

get activated by it

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23
Q

memory b cells

A

hang around along time too

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24
Q

what are primary lymphoid organs- in red

A

thymus, bone marrow

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25
Q

secondary lyphoid organ do what compared to primary

A

hold the mature lymphocytes, while primary makes them

26
Q

where are secondary lymphoid system

A

adenoid, tonsil,lymph nodes, appendix, payers patch in small intestine splee

27
Q

bacteria trigger macrophages to

A

release cytokines and chemokines

28
Q

what does release of cytokines and chemokines do

A

vasodilation and increae in vascular permeability cause redness heat and swelling

29
Q

what do neutrophils do

A

inflammatory cells migrate into tissue releasing infammatory mediators that cause pain???

30
Q

what happens overal when there is an immune response

A

Pathogenes that cross epithelial cell barriers are met by the
first line of immune defence: macrophages, followed by neutrophils and eosinphils

Their action, associated with cytokine production and active involvement
of dendritic cells, trigger activation of T cells and eventually, B cells in neighboring
lymph nodes. This allows to involve the adaptive immune response

31
Q

what is MHCs

A

Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHCs)

32
Q

what happens when t cells et activated by MHC1 dendrites

A

proliferation and differentiation of t cell to acquire effector function - CYTOTOXIC T cells kills

33
Q

what does MHC 2 do

A

dendrite MHC2 activates t cells which activates B cell to acquire effector function-> efficient antibody production

34
Q

everything other than viral infection use which MHC

A

MHC 2

35
Q

What does Fc regions on the antiboy do

A

effector functions, compliment and cell activateion- constant region

36
Q

what doe the Fab region on antigen do

A

the =variable region- antigen binding site- looks like a Y and this is the V part

37
Q

what are the 5 classes of antibodies

A

Five classes of antibodies: IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA

38
Q

why are there so many classes of antibodies

A

for a range of different thing to bind to

39
Q

which is the initial antibody that is triggered

A

the IgM

40
Q

what happens with bacterial toxins

A

neutralization- the antibodies bind to toxin

thenthey get ingested by macrophages

41
Q

what happens in bacteria in extracellular spacce

A

opsonization- the antibodies surrond the bacteria and get ingested by macrophages

42
Q

what happens with bacteria in plasma

A

they bind to the pathogen and recognized by the complement system and makes hole in membrane and does lysis and ingestion

43
Q

what is type 1 hypersensitivity

A

anaphylactic or atropic reaction Predominantly mediated by IgE and mast cells

44
Q

what causes type 1 hypersensitivity

A 
Hay fever
Atopic dermatitis
Anaphylactic shock
Bronchial Asthma-(vasodilation Edema)
(bronchial smooth muscles contraction,
mucus production, bronchial constriction)
45
Q

how does type 1 hypersensitivity happen

A

after the first exposure mast cells have antibodies one them and when next exposure happens the pollen bind to it degranulates mast cells and causes additional cytokines
and additional cells, including
eosinophils and basophils

46
Q

what are the symptoms of anaphylactic shock

A

Anaphylactic shock symptoms:
stridor due to vocal cord spasm, choking due
to laryngeal edema, wheezing and shortness of
breeze due to bronchial spasm and pulmonary edema,
systemic circulatory collapse with fainting caused
by hypotension due to vasodilation

47
Q

what does vasodilatoin and edema cause

A

leukotriens- arachidonia acid derivatives

48
Q

what is type 2hypersensitivity

A

Predominantly mediated by cytotoxic IgG or IgM,

targeting antigens on cells or tissue components, such as extracellular matrix

49
Q

what are examples of type 2 hypersensitivity

A

Hemolytic anemia
(targets red blood cells)

Goodpasture’s syndrome
(targets collagen in kidney
and lungs)

Grave’s disease
(targets thyroid-stimulating
hormone receptor)

Myasthenia gravis
(Targets acetylcholine
receptor on muscle cells)

50
Q

what is type 3 hypersensitivity

A

Is mediated by immune complexes between antigens and antibodies
that are trapped in blood vessel walls or various membranes formed by
extracellular matrix proteins

51
Q

what are examples of type 3 hypersensitivity

A

Poststreptococal Glomerulonephritis
(targets glomerular basement membrane)

Polyarteritis Nodosa
(targets walls in small and medium size
blood vessels)

Systemic Lupus?- not sure yet

52
Q

what is type 4 hypersensitivity

A

Is initiated by macrophages, and relies on cross-activation between macrophages
and T cells. Involves production of memory T cells. Often leads to the formation
of granulomas. Relies on multiple cytokines, including IFN-g.

53
Q

what are examples of type 4 hypersensitivity

A

Develops in response to tumour-
tuberculosis- and leprae- associated antigens

Contact dermatatis
(latex gloves, poison ivy)

54
Q

what is autoimmunity

A

Results from the failure of autotolerance in the immune system.
Associated with genetic predisposition. More common in women

55
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

triggered by T lymphocytes,
invlolves Ab production.
Targets insulin-producing
pancreatic b-cells

56
Q

what is immunodeficiency

A

Results from deficiency in B cells, T cells or both or may involve the entire
immune system. All characterized by low lymphocyte counts in blood.
May be congenital (primary) or acquired (secondary)

57
Q

what is an example of primary immunodeficiency

A

Sever combined immunodeficiency
(SCID)
- Isolated IgA deficiency,
- DiGeorge syndrome

58
Q

what is an example of secondary immunodeficiency

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
AIDS is caused by the HIV RNA retrovirus, which is transmitted with body fluids. HIV acts by targeting helper T cells (CD4+), monocytes and macrophages

59
Q

what is an example of systemic multiorgan) auto immunity

A

(Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis)

60
Q

what is an example of limited to single organ autoimmunity

A 
Multiple sclerosis(CNS)
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Graves’ disease: (thyroid)
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (blood)
Pemphigus vulgaris (skin)
Myasthenia gravis: muscle

Pathology 205 (23 decks)

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