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Pathology 205 > immunopathology > Flashcards

immunopathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is immunogy

A

Immunology is a biological science that investigates the defensive
mechanisms of multicellular organisms against infection”

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2
Q

what are the four categories of pathogenic microorganism

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, eukaryotic parasites

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3
Q

who and what is the term innate immunity

A

The work of an immunologist, Professor Ilya Metchnikoff, who reported that pathogenic
microorganisms can be digested by phagocytic cells, or macrophages that are always
present in multicellular organisms introduced the term “innate immunity”

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4
Q

what is adaptive immunity

A

Dr. Emil von Behring and Dr. Shibasaburo Kitasoto demonstrated that
serum of organisms pre-immunised against diphtheria or tetanus carries a specific
antitoxic activity.This allowed to introduce the term “adaptive immunity”
or immunity against a pathogen developed during a lifetime of an individual organism

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5
Q

what are anti bodies

A

Protective activity of serum relies on the specific type of proteins, called antibodies

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6
Q

what are antigens

A

Antibodies are developed in a very specific manner against a variety of foreign
chemical structures that are called antigens

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7
Q

where do immun celll originate from

A

bone marrow

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8
Q

leukocytes

A

all cells of our immune system

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9
Q

what is Principles of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

A

Immune system is a network of effector cells and molecules
that act in a coordinated manner to protect multicellular
organisms from infectious agents and harmful substances

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10
Q

what is the first line of defence

A

macrophages

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11
Q

where do NK cells originate from

A

from common lymphoid progenerator

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12
Q

where do macrophage hang out and what is their fct

A

phagocytosis and activation of bacteriacidal mechanism
2nd fct is antigen presentationProvides a link between the innate immunity and adaptive immunity:
one of the antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
-= in in epithelial cells

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13
Q

what is mast cells

A

release of granules containing histamine and active agents- attract other immune cells

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14
Q

what are NK cells- natural killer

A

release lytic granules that kill some virus-infected cells

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15
Q

what are dendric cells

A

antigen uptake in peripheral sites

2nd: antigen presentation to T cells- helps inititate adaptive immune response

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16
Q

what Provides a major link between the innate immunity and adaptive immunity:
one of the APC’s

A

deneritic cells!!!!

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17
Q

what cells are part of adaptive immunity

A

b-cells, t-cells

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18
Q

what are adaptive cells

A

need to to be activated all have receptors on them but need antigen presenting cells- dendrite cells!!!!

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19
Q

what is the purpose of cytotoxix t cells

A

eliminate virus infected cells

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20
Q

what are memory t cells

A

hang around longer so that immune response can be very fast

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21
Q

what are b cells activated

A

by specific antigen binding- soluble agents

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22
Q

why do b cells need t cells

A

get activated by it

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23
Q

memory b cells

A

hang around along time too

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24
Q

what are primary lymphoid organs- in red

A

thymus, bone marrow

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25
secondary lyphoid organ do what compared to primary
hold the mature lymphocytes, while primary makes them
26
where are secondary lymphoid system
adenoid, tonsil,lymph nodes, appendix, payers patch in small intestine splee
27
bacteria trigger macrophages to
release cytokines and chemokines
28
what does release of cytokines and chemokines do
vasodilation and increae in vascular permeability cause redness heat and swelling
29
what do neutrophils do
inflammatory cells migrate into tissue releasing infammatory mediators that cause pain???
30
what happens overal when there is an immune response
Pathogenes that cross epithelial cell barriers are met by the first line of immune defence: macrophages, followed by neutrophils and eosinphils Their action, associated with cytokine production and active involvement of dendritic cells, trigger activation of T cells and eventually, B cells in neighboring lymph nodes. This allows to involve the adaptive immune response
31
what is MHCs
Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHCs)
32
what happens when t cells et activated by MHC1 dendrites
proliferation and differentiation of t cell to acquire effector function - CYTOTOXIC T cells kills
33
what does MHC 2 do
dendrite MHC2 activates t cells which activates B cell to acquire effector function-> efficient antibody production
34
everything other than viral infection use which MHC
MHC 2
35
What does Fc regions on the antiboy do
effector functions, compliment and cell activateion- constant region
36
what doe the Fab region on antigen do
the =variable region- antigen binding site- looks like a Y and this is the V part
37
what are the 5 classes of antibodies
Five classes of antibodies: IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA
38
why are there so many classes of antibodies
for a range of different thing to bind to
39
which is the initial antibody that is triggered
the IgM
40
what happens with bacterial toxins
neutralization- the antibodies bind to toxin | thenthey get ingested by macrophages
41
what happens in bacteria in extracellular spacce
opsonization- the antibodies surrond the bacteria and get ingested by macrophages
42
what happens with bacteria in plasma
they bind to the pathogen and recognized by the complement system and makes hole in membrane and does lysis and ingestion
43
what is type 1 hypersensitivity
anaphylactic or atropic reaction Predominantly mediated by IgE and mast cells
44
what causes type 1 hypersensitivity
``` Hay fever Atopic dermatitis Anaphylactic shock Bronchial Asthma-(vasodilation Edema) (bronchial smooth muscles contraction, mucus production, bronchial constriction) ```
45
how does type 1 hypersensitivity happen
after the first exposure mast cells have antibodies one them and when next exposure happens the pollen bind to it degranulates mast cells and causes additional cytokines and additional cells, including eosinophils and basophils
46
what are the symptoms of anaphylactic shock
Anaphylactic shock symptoms: stridor due to vocal cord spasm, choking due to laryngeal edema, wheezing and shortness of breeze due to bronchial spasm and pulmonary edema, systemic circulatory collapse with fainting caused by hypotension due to vasodilation
47
what does vasodilatoin and edema cause
leukotriens- arachidonia acid derivatives
48
what is type 2hypersensitivity
Predominantly mediated by cytotoxic IgG or IgM, | targeting antigens on cells or tissue components, such as extracellular matrix
49
what are examples of type 2 hypersensitivity
Hemolytic anemia (targets red blood cells) Goodpasture’s syndrome (targets collagen in kidney and lungs) Grave’s disease (targets thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor) Myasthenia gravis (Targets acetylcholine receptor on muscle cells)
50
what is type 3 hypersensitivity
Is mediated by immune complexes between antigens and antibodies that are trapped in blood vessel walls or various membranes formed by extracellular matrix proteins
51
what are examples of type 3 hypersensitivity
Poststreptococal Glomerulonephritis (targets glomerular basement membrane) Polyarteritis Nodosa (targets walls in small and medium size blood vessels) Systemic Lupus?- not sure yet
52
what is type 4 hypersensitivity
Is initiated by macrophages, and relies on cross-activation between macrophages and T cells. Involves production of memory T cells. Often leads to the formation of granulomas. Relies on multiple cytokines, including IFN-g.
53
what are examples of type 4 hypersensitivity
Develops in response to tumour- tuberculosis- and leprae- associated antigens Contact dermatatis (latex gloves, poison ivy)
54
what is autoimmunity
Results from the failure of autotolerance in the immune system. Associated with genetic predisposition. More common in women
55
type 1 diabetes
triggered by T lymphocytes, invlolves Ab production. Targets insulin-producing pancreatic b-cells
56
what is immunodeficiency
Results from deficiency in B cells, T cells or both or may involve the entire immune system. All characterized by low lymphocyte counts in blood. May be congenital (primary) or acquired (secondary)
57
what is an example of primary immunodeficiency
Sever combined immunodeficiency (SCID) - Isolated IgA deficiency, - DiGeorge syndrome
58
what is an example of secondary immunodeficiency
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is caused by the HIV RNA retrovirus, which is transmitted with body fluids. HIV acts by targeting helper T cells (CD4+), monocytes and macrophages
59
what is an example of systemic multiorgan) auto immunity
(Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis)
60
what is an example of limited to single organ autoimmunity
``` Multiple sclerosis(CNS) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Graves’ disease: (thyroid) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (blood) Pemphigus vulgaris (skin) Myasthenia gravis: muscle ```

Pathology 205 (23 decks)

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