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Veterinary Medicine > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Left lobe

A

All domestic species have two lobes - cranial and caudal
Cranial clearly divided into two parts both supplied by some bronchus
- Cranial and caudal parts of left cranial lobe
- Not in horse

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2
Q

Accessory lobe

A

Ventral midline between caudal lobes of left and right lung

Own pleura - mediastinal recess

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3
Q

Right lobe

A

Four lobes - cranial, middle, caudal, accessory
Not horse

Ruminants:

  • Look as though 5 lobes but two most cranial are supplied by the same lobar bronchus
  • Cranial and caudal parts of cranial lobe

Ruminant and pig: cranial lobe supplied by tracheal bronchus

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4
Q

Visceral (pulmonary) pleura

A

Attached to surface of lung including fissures - contains abundant elastic fibres

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5
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Derived from the somatic mesoderm and it lines the wall of the pleural cavity

3 compartments:

  1. Costal pleura: lines inside of lateral wall of ribcage
  2. Mediastinal pleura: lines the mediastinal
  3. Diaphragmatic pleura: lines the cranial surface of the diaphragm
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6
Q

Mediastinum

A

Parturition between left and right pleural sacs

Contains: heart in pericardiac sac, thoracic trachea, thoracic oesophagus, thymus, mediastinal LN, great vessels, nerves

Does not contain: lungs, caudal, vena cava, right prenic nerve

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7
Q

Pharynx

A

Connect orals cavity with oesophagus and nasal cavity with larynx
Soft palate seperates rostral part of pharynx into dorsal and ventral portion: nasopharynx and oropharynx

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8
Q

Larynx

A 
Bilaterally symmetrical tube-shaped musculocartiligenous organ connects pharynx and trachea
Protects trachea from aspiration
Increases intra-abdominal pressure
Important for vocalisation
Richly innervated by vagus nerves
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9
Q

Caudal laryngeal nerve

A

Paralysis of left recurrent laryngeal nerve - stertorous sounds produced at inspiration (roaring) - air flow passively vibrating a lax adducted vocal fold

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10
Q

Pores of Kohn

A

Gaps in the alveolar septa to enable more efficient movement of inspired air between alveoli

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11
Q

Infant respiratory distress syndrome

A

Stiff lungs with low compliance
Alveolar collapse
Alveoli filled with transudate
Treat with synthetic surfactant

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12
Q

Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH)

A

Small blood vessels in lung burst under high pressure and bleed into airway
Epistaxis in small proportion of EIPH cases
Racehorses

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13
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

Obstruction to a branch of pulmonary artery
May be fatal if both pulmonary trunk or both pulmonary arteries are blocked
Enlargement of bronchial arteries by dilation
Angiogenesis: new bronchopulmonary arterial anastomoses - can bypass obstructed PA

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14
Q

Fick’s law

A

Rate of transfer through a sheet of tissue is proportional to the tissue area and the difference in partial pressure between the two sides and inversely proportional to the the tissue thickness

Area of the respiratory surface
Thickness of the respiratory surface
PO2 difference between alveolus and capillary
Pulmonary oedema

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15
Q

Guttural pouch

A

Air filled pouch

When infected, carotid artery bleed into nasal cavity and out of nose

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16
Q

Brachycephalic respiratory issues - anatomy

A

Larynx and nasal cavities - greatest resistance to airflow

Brachycephalics have:

  • Narrow nasal passages
  • Shorter jaw and misaligned teeth
  • Wider optical cavity
  • Longer nasal cavity

More resistance to airflow - increase respiratory effect
Longer soft palate - more effort, inflammation, less space - positive feedback

Narrow trachea, laryngeal collapse can occur

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17
Q

Tracheal collapse

A

Common in some breeds of dog e.g. Yorkshire terrier
Reduced exercise capacity
Not ventilating properly
Apply tracheal stent - good for younger dog

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18
Q

Pulmonary surfactant

A

Oppose surface tension
Polar phospholipid secreted from type II alveolar cells (pneumocytes)

Increases compliance, promotes alveoli stability, keeps alveoli dry

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19
Q

Alveoli emphysema

A

Sometimes die to ischaemia of alveolar wall due to obstruction of bronchial arterial supply or alveolar capillaries

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20
Q

Hormonal control of airway diameter

A

Presence of many beta2 adrenergic receptors:
- Highly sensitive to adrenaline

Cytokine production by inflammatory cells:

  • Mostly bronchoconstrictors (histamine, prostaglandin D2, F2alpha etc.)
  • Prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin are bronchodilators
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21
Q

Haemoglobin

A

O2 binds loosely and reversibly with the heme portion of Hb
High PO2 - O2 binds to Hb
Low PO2 - O2 released from Hb

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22
Q

Bohr effect

A

Shift of oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve to the right due to increased CO2 concentration
Shift to the right enhances O2 unloading in the tissues and increasing oxygenation of blood in the lungs

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23
Q

The Haldane effect

A

Binding of O2 with Hb tends to displace from the blood
When O2 binds Hb in the lungs, the Hb becomes a stronger acid
Causes displacement of CO2 from blood to alveoli

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24
Q

Avian air sacs

A 
1 interclavicular sac
2 cervical sacs
2 anterior thoracic sacs
2 posterior thoracic sacs
2 abdominal sacs

Act as bellows to ventilate the lungs

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25
Q

Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO)
(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
Horses

A

Hyperactive airway disease - due to straw bed and dry hay
Usually bronchiolitis
Mucus plugging of bronchioles
Mucus flooding of adjacent alveoli
Accumulation of neutrophils in airway lumen

Decreased compliance, slightly impaired gas exchange, reduced arterial PO2, V/Q (ventilation/perfusion) mismatch, airway closure during expiration (air trapped)

Short-term: atropine
Longer term: bronchodilators, clenbuterol (s/e sweating, trembling, tachycardia, excitement), salbutamol (inhaled), iatropium (inhaled), steroids (dexamethasone, risk of laminitis), mucolytics

Management

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26
Q

Nature of cough

A

Upper airway: harsh, loud, non-productive
Lower airway: soft, muted productive
Painful conditions: more muted cough

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27
Q

Normal respiratory rates

A 
Horse: 8-15
Cow, sheep, pigs: 10-30
Goats: 25-35
Neonates - foal/calf: 20-40
Dog: 10-30
Cat: 24-42
Rabbit: 30-60
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28
Q

Expriatory distres

A

Intrathoracic airway obstruction
Bronchoconstriction - RAO
Farmer’s disease in cattle
Tracheal collapse in dogs and horses

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29
Q

Orthopnoea

A

Difficulty breathing while recumbent

E.g. Pleural fluid accumulation, neonates, diaphragmatic hernia, congestive heart failure

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30
Q

Nasal discharge

A

Serous, mucoid, purulent, sanginous (haemorrhagic)
Discharge of ingested food material or fluids e.g. dysphagia
Profuse or scant, continuous or intermittent

Unilateral: originate in structures rostral to the caudal end of the nasal septum although low volumes of discharge from lower in the respiratory tract can be unilateral

Bilateral: caudal structures or bilaterally affected rostral structures

Foul odour: may indicate anaerobic infection, necrotising conditions or connection to oral cavity

Epistaxis or haemophysis (blood in the sputum)

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31
Q

Alveolar macrophage

A

Phagocyte resident within the alveolus - normally one per alveolus
Ingest particles that reach the alveolus

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32
Q

Atelectasis

A

Primary atelectasis: failure of lung tissue to expand at birth

Secondary atelectasis: acquired/collapse

  • Compression: pulmonary or mediastinal masses, prolonged recumbency in LA, prolonged abdominal distension in LA, hydrothorax, pneumothorax
  • Obstruction: common in cattle (lack of collateral ventilation between lobules, thick fibrous septums between lobules), due to bronchiolar obstruction by exudate, distended alveoli collapse as trapped air is absorbed, collapsed alveoli contain a little fluid and macrophages
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33
Q

Emphysema

A

Excessive air in the lung

  1. Alveolar: permanent abnormal enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles often due to destruction of alveolar walls by neutrophil elastase (e.g. RAO)
  2. Interstitial: septal lymphatics are dilated with air secondary to forced expiration e.g. pneumonia in cattle
  3. Compensatory: emphysema is adjacent to an area of consolidation
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34
Q

Pigmentation

A

Melanosis: deposition in alveolar walls - health animal but meat may be condemned

Anthracosis: accumulation of carbon in alveolar macrophages -has to be very severe to be clinical, keeps macrophages busy, causes infection

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35
Q

Hyperaemia

A

Increased blood flow into tissue - acute inflammation
Affected areas of lungs are dark red in colour
Cranioventral lungs often affected in association with aspiration pneumonia

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36
Q

Congestion

A

Decreased blood flow from tissue
Diffuse in cardiac failure
Grey/blue parts of lungs
Terminal pulmonary congestion is also seen in animals euthanised with barbiturates

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37
Q

Pulmonary oedema

A

Flooding of alveoli by fluid - mixes with surfactant - foam - compromises ventilation

Pathogenesis:

  • Cardiogenic
  • Neurogenic (sympathetic stimulation in acute brain damage - increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure)
  • Excessive fluid therapy
  • Damage to endothelium or epithelium - toxic substances, acute inflammation process
  • Haemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, infarction
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38
Q

Rhinitis and sinusitis

A

Acute, subacute, chronic
Localised or part of a systemic disease e.g. malignant catarrhal fever (herpesvirus)
Infectious or non-infectious (allergic or idiopathic)

Serous, catarrhal (mucoid), purulent/suppurative, necrotising, ulcerative, haemorrhagic

Sequelae: resolution, healing by scar formation, extension to other parts of the respiratory tract

Inflammation may localise and persist in the guttural pouches

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39
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

Bacterial infection
Cranioventral region of lung
Spread by extension form lobule to lobule along the airways or by necrosis of alveoli and septa (toxin-producing bacteria)
Sequelae: resolution, detrioration, (abscesses, pleuritis, death -hypoxaemia, toxaemia), persistance (fibrosis or bronchiectasis - permanent dilation of some bronchi)

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40
Q

Lobar pneumonia

A

Sequelae: commonly death, fibrosis of affected areas in surviving animals

Pathogenesis:

  • Inhaled mycoplasmas and some viruses
  • Initially inflammatory reaction in the bronchioles
  • Interstitial lymphocytic proliferation often to the extent of forming complete lymphoid follicles around the airways (‘cuffing’)
  • Lymphoid follicles - cell mediated response to chronic persistent antigenic challenge
  • Mostly of economic importance - reduced growth rate
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41
Q

Interstitial pneumonia

A

Secondary to haematogenous rather than inhaled damage
Inflammation is centred on interstitial septa rather than airways
Diffuse distribution rather than cranioventral

Acute:

  • Infections e.g. distemper
  • Inhaled chemicals e.g. smoke
  • Ingested toxins e.g. paraquet or tryptophan ‘fog fever’
  • Systemic conditions e.g. uraemia
  • Hypersenstivity reactions e.g. lungworm

Chronic:

  • Infections e.g. Jaagsieke in sheep
  • Inhaled dusts e.g. coal dust or silica
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42
Q

Paraquet

A

Herbicides, cats and dogs
Pneumotoxin: selectively damages alveolar epithelium, allows exudation of fluid into the alveolar lumen - loss of respiratory function

Low doses: accidental ingestion, moderate pulmonary oedema, clinical signs of respiratory distress - widespread fibrosis of alveolar walls interferes with gas exchange

High doses: malicious, severe fatal pulmonary oedema, haemorrhages

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43
Q

Tryptophan

A

Acute Bovine Pulmonary Oedema and Emphysema ‘Fog Fever’
Adult cattle moved to lush pasture (autumn)
High morbidity and mortality

Pathogenesis: excess tryptophan in autumn grass metabolised in the rumen - toxic to type I pneumocytes

Pathology: lungs enlarged and wet with markedly widened interlobar septa (oedema and emphysema) - flooding of alveolar with protein-rich fluid)

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44
Q

Granulomatous pneumonia

A

Caused by agents such as mycobacteria e.g. TB and fungi e.g. aspergillosis
Inflammation is chronic and peristent
Macrophages - predominant cell type
Granulomas may be mistaken for tumours
Acid-fast bacilli in mycobacterial infections - Ziehl-Neelsen (inset)
Fungi stain with PAS or silver stains

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45
Q

Tumours and tumour-like lesions of the URT

A

Nasal and nasopharyngeal polyps:

  • Single or multiple (often pedunculated) masses secondary to chronic irritation/inflammation
  • Composed of hyperplastic or ulcerated epithelium, granulating to be fibrous stroma and varying numbers of inflammation cells

Nasal and paranasal sinus tumours: usually malignant carcinomas or sarcomas

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46
Q

Lung neoplasia

A

Primary: usually invasive carcinomas, hilar region before spreading within lung and to regional LN

Secondary: mostly metastases - mammary tumours, haemangiosarcoma and osteosarcoma

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47
Q

Paraneoplastic disease

A

Marie’s disease: space occupying lesion in lungs maybe associated with periosteal thickening of long bones (hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy)

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48
Q

Viral infections of the LRT

A

Influenza (horses, pigs, dogs)

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) (cattle)

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49
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica

A

Strict aerobe, Gram negative rod, slow growing (48h)
Normal inhabitant of URT
Associated with kennel cough and bronchopneumonia following distemper

Pathogenesis and pathology:

  • Initial trauma, viral infection
  • Adhesion to respiratory epithelium (cilia) of trachea
  • Proliferation of B. bronchiseptica in the airway
  • Release of toxins -> irritation and coughing
  • Epithelial necrosis
  • Peribronchial inflammation and interstitial pneumonia
  • Severe pneumonia sue to secondary invaders e.g. beta haemolytic streptococcus

Pathogenecity: adherence to respiratory ciliated epithelium: FHA, fibriae, pertactin

Toxins: adenylate cyclase (leucocyte toxin), tracheal cytotoxin (inhibits DNA synthesis in ciliated cells), dermonecrotic toxin CADP-ribosylation

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50
Q

Pasteurella multocida

A 
Gram-negative rod
Oxidase-positive
Large grey mucoid colonies
Strong catarrhal smell
Secondary URT infections
Common bacteria in dog bite wounds
Capsular serotypes A and D (and Pasteurella pneumotropica)

Dogs and cats: severe suppurative pneumonia and pleuritis

Rabbit snuffles: chronic nasal discharge and sneezing, (sometimes fatal) respiratory disease, colonisation of respiratory tract, middle ear, genitalia, (maybe) lungs

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51
Q

Streptococcus

A

Found in normal URT
Beta Haemolytic Streptococci highly virulent in the lung

Streptococcus zooepidemicus:

  • Many animal sp. esp horse and dog
  • Inhabits skin, respiratory mucosa
  • Secondary invader post viral disease in horses, wound infections

Streptococcus canis

M. proteins, toxins, capsules, superantigen

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52
Q

Actinomyces

A

Gram-positive, filamentous, branching
Aerobic growth
Commensal in canine oral cavity
Cause of granulomatous thoracic infections in dogs
Localised granulomatous abscesses of skin: chronic and progressive

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53
Q

Nocardia spp.

A

E.g. Nocardia asteroides (soil bacteria)
Gram positive rods, thin, short filaments
Partially acid fast
Growth within and destruction of macrophages
Chronic progressive, suppurating thoracic granulomas
Resistance to penicillin and some other antimicrobials
Prolonged use of TMP, tetracyclines, ampicillin

Pathology: copious red-brown exudate in pleural cavity, may be chronic with adhesion formation

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54
Q

Chlamydophilia felis

A

Intracellular gram negative rods
Conjunctivitis in cats, nasal discharge progresses to interstitial bronchopneumonia

Vaccination

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55
Q

Canine nasal aspergillosis

A

Aspergillosis furnigatus
Surgical delivery of antifungal

Pathology:
- Nasal turbinates progressively destroyed by chronic granulomatous (and eosinophilic) inflammation
May be yellow green mycotic exudate in the caudal nasal cavity
Numerous fungal hyphae on histopath exam

Special stains: Grocott and PAS

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56
Q

Bovine respiratory disease complex

Enzootic pneumonia or ‘shipping fever’

A

Bovine herpesvirus: IBR, fibrinous laryngitis and tracheitis, intranuclear viral inclusions, vaccines

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV): Paramyxoviridae, URT infections, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, vaccines

Bovine parainfluenza virus: Paramyxoviridae, aka parainfluenza3 (PI3), URT infections, vaccines

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57
Q

Bovine respiratory disease comples

Secondary infections

A

Mannheimia haemolytica: nasopharynx commensal

  • Epizootic (epidemic) pneumonia in cattle - shipping fever
  • Bovine pneumonia pasteurellosis: (And P. multicida), bronchopneumonia is fibrinous to necrotising, pleuritis frequent
  • Also indicated in meningitis and polyarthritis (2-4m housed calves)
  • Sporadic cases of peracute fatal mastitis in cow (from suckling calves may transfer the organism)

Vaccination

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58
Q

Pasteurellosis in lambs

A

Septicaemia, severe pleuritis and pericarditis
Alse severe mastitis in sheep and goats

Pasteurella trehalosii:
- Acute or peracute septicaemia in older lambs: 5-12m

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59
Q

Histophilus somni

A 
Normally commensal in genital tract
Transient URT
Cause of peracute death in young calves:
- Acute thromboembolic meningoencephalitis
- Pneumonia
- Mycocarditis
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60
Q

Mycobacterium

A

Gram positive, acid fast
Strict aerobes, very slow growing
Resistant to drying and chemical agents]
Virulent species fully resist intracellular killing

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61
Q

Bovine tuberculosis

A

Chronic, eventually fatal, pneumonia and wasting

Open case: continuous shedding from lesions excreting to the exterior e.g. kidney, udder

Pathology:

  • Granulomatous pneumonia and lymphadenitis
  • Nodules have caseating (‘cheesy’) cut surface

Camelids are very susceptible - extra zoonotic risk

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62
Q

Mycoplasma infections

A

Smallest living bacteria, inhibit mucosal surfaces (genital tract esp horses)
Acquire host antigens to evade immune response
Involved in Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex
No cell wall, not susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics

Cattle: M. bovis - arthritis, mastitis (and pneumonia)

Calves:

  • Progressive cranioventral consolidation in the main airways of affected lobules with thickening of the surrounding connective tissue
  • Lymphoid nodules and follicles around airways - may compress bronchial lumen
  • Mixed cellular exudate in airways, partial alveolar collapse
  • Slight thickening of alveolar walls with lymphocytes

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp SC - contagious pleuropneumonia (cattle):

  • Notifiable, not in UK, USA, Australia
  • Serious disease in Asia, Africa, Southern Europe
  • Aerosol or close contact transmission
  • Fibrino-necrotic bronchopneumonia with fibrinous pleuritis, dorsocaudal areas may be affected, interstitial septa markedly widened by fibrinous exudate and oedema
  • Necrotic area may be encapsulated
  • Usually unilateral lung involved
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63
Q

Respiratory viruses of sheep

A

Parainfluenza virus (PI3) - occasionally lambs, pneumonia
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Adenovirus (ovine and bovine)

May predispose to infection with Mannheimia haemolytica as part of enzootic pneumonia complex in sheep

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64
Q

Fungi in respiratory disease

Cattle and sheep

A 
Aspergillosis
Mycopolysporium
Fungal allergy: A. fumigatus and others
'Farmer's lung': coughing, weight loss, increased respiratory rate, decreased milk yield
Type I: rhinitis and fungal asthma
Type III: allergic alveolitis
65
Q

Rhodococcus equi

A

Gram positive rod, variably acid fast
Bacteria scavenged by alveolar macrophages but not killed - destruction of these macrophages leads to a pyogranulomatous response

Chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia - foals 1-6m
- Anorexia, depression, fever, dyspnoea, cough
Foci of caseous necrosis in lungs
High mortality rate (40-80%)

Dissemination to other viscera can occur especially abdominal organs - liver and intestine
- Depression, fever, diarrhoea, colic, weight loss/failure to grow, poor prognosis

Treat: erythromycin and rifampin, clarithromycin or azthromycin with rifampin
Adult horses are immune

66
Q

Equine influenza virus (EIV)

A

Infection of URT that may spread to LRT and cause bronchitis and broncholiotis
Cough, pyrexia, depression
Secondary infections: Strep, Staph, Klebsiella

Vaccinate requirement for competing horse in UK

67
Q

Equine herpesvirus (EHV)

A

EHV1: respiratory disease, abortion, paresis
EHV4: mainly respiratory disease, rarely abortion
EHV5: equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, infection of URT, nasal discharge, coughing, pyrexia

Vaccine EHV1 and EHV4 available

68
Q

Equine arteritis virus

A

Arterviridae
Infection of URT, systemic spread and infection of endothelial cells and macrophages
May spread to lung in macrophages and cause interstitial pneumonia
Nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, oedema, abortions
Frequently subclinical if less virulent
Notifiable in UK in stallions or in mares covered or inseminated in the last 14d

69
Q

Equine guttural pouch mycoses

A

Aspergillosis nidulans, severe bleeding form the nose/dysphagia
Treatment: local delivery of anti-fungals, ligation of carotid, systemic antifungals?

70
Q

Atrophic rhinitis

Pigs

A
  • Stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone
  • Combination of early colonisation with Bordetella bronchisepta (dermonecrotic toxin - damages osteoblasts) and P. multocida (osteolytic toxin - stimulates osteoclasts)
  • Malformed twisted snout
71
Q

Contagious pleuropneumonia

Pigs

A 
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Acute or chronic fibrinohaemorrhagic pneumonia with pleurisy in intensive pig production
Can kill in 24h
Spreads throughout all lung lobes
Pleural adhesions found in chronic cases

Actinobacillus suis: pleuopneumonia-like disease (mild)

Haemophilus parasuis:

  • Glassers disease
  • Polyserositis (pleuritis, pericarditis, peritonitis)
  • Suppurative pneumonia
  • Meningitis and polyarthritis

Mycoplasma hyopneumonia:

  • Enzootic pneumonia
  • Widespread, common, predisposes to other respiratory diseases
  • Transmitted by aerosol
  • Cranioventral consolidation and red/grey discoloration

Other mycoplasma: M. hyosynoviae and M. hyorhinis

72
Q

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)

A

Arteriviridae
Infection of URT, systemic spread in macrophages and endothelial cells (vasculitis)
May cause respiratory signs and lead to interstitial pneumonia
Part of porcine respiratory complex

Weaned pigs, tachypnoea, thumping, eyelid oedema, conjunctivitis

73
Q

Swine influenza

A

H1N1, H3N2, H1N2
Sudden outbreaks of respiratory disease with barking cough and respiratory distress in naive herds
Bronchiolities and pneumonia

74
Q

Aujeszky’s disease
Pseudorabies
Pig

A

Porcine herpesvirus
Sneezing, coughing, laboured breathing, fever and weight loss
CNS disease in piglets, abortion, still birth, mummification

Notifiable, Northern Ireland, Vaccinate

75
Q

Porcine circovirus

A

Type 2
Immune suppressive - predispose pigs to other infections
Porcine respiratory disease complex
Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and porcine dematitis and nephropathy syndrome
2 vaccines available

76
Q

Avian chlamydia

A

Psittacosis, zoonotic, notifiable
Spleen and liver of psittacine birds - parrots, parakeets, macaws
Faecal shedding - inhalation by other birds and humans

77
Q

Mycoplasmas of poultry

A

M. gallisepticum: chronic respiratory disease - reduced growth, reduced egg production, adherence to ciliated epithelium, removes cilia, rare in UK

M. synoviae: synovitis in poultry, may include URT disease

M. meleagridis: air sacculitis in turkeys

Transovarian (vertical) transmission and respiratory route
Skeletal changes due to biotin deficiency

78
Q

Equine influenza vaccination

A

1st vaccination -> 21-92d
2nd vaccination -> 150-215
3rd vaccination

Horses may not race until 8d after vaccination
Jockey club rules

79
Q

Summer pasture associated pulmonary disease
(SPAPD)
Horses

A

Keep stabled

Allergens in pasture

80
Q

Inflammatory airway disease
(IAD)
Horses

A

Young performance horse, 20-65%
Excessive mucus in airways
Cough and/or reduced performance

Implied cause:

  • Bacterial (Strepococcus zooepidemicus, Strep pneumonia, Actinobacillus, Mycoplasma)
  • Viral
  • Blood from EIPH: causes inflammation and/or secondary infection
81
Q

Kennel cough complex

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica:

  • Attaches to cilia in URT
  • Release of bacterial toxins damage the respiratory epithelium

Canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV):

  • Mild respiratory disease
  • More severe if combined with Bordetella

Canine adenovirus (CAV):

  • Type I: hepatitis (ICH)
  • Type II: respiratory disease
Canine herpesvirus1 (CHV1): systemic and often fatal in neonate puppies
Canine respiratory corona virus: mild respiratory disease, highly contagious
Mycoplasma: various types

Cough, retching, nasal +/- ocular discharge, sneezing
Systemic: depression, pyrexia, inappetence, bronchopneumonia

Treat: rest, antibiotics, cough suppressants, bronchodilators, mucolytics, supportive care

82
Q

Intranasal vaccines

A

Stimulates mostly IgA and mostly on mucosal surface
Serum IgG also produced but at lower levels compared to parenteral application

Advantages: stimulates local response in respiratory tract, act more rapidly compared to systemic vaccines

Disadvantages: shorter duration of immunity, difficulty to administer to unco-operative dogs

At least 5d before kennelling

83
Q

Canine distemper

A

Morbillovirus
Shed in all body fluids, spread by aerosol or close contact

Dogs with insufficient immune response:

  • Spreads to epithelial cells of respiratory, GI and urinary tract and CNS
  • Immunosuppression - secondary bacterial infections
  • Typically interstitial pneumonia but frequently secondary infection thus more likely bronchointerstitial

Nasal/ocular discharge, cough, D, V, depression, anorexia

CNS signs:

  • Seizures, inco-ordination, paresis/paralysis, muscle tremors, ocular lesions (degeneration of retina, optic neuritis)
  • Neuronal destruction
  • Demyelination
  • Intra-nuclear and intra-cytoplasmic viral inclusion bodies
  • Hard pad and hard nose - hyperkeratosis
  • Distemper teeth: dogs that develop distemper before they have their permanent teeth - hypoplasia of the enamel

Treat: antibiotics, fluids, sedatives, anti-convulsives

84
Q

Bronchial pattern

A

Mineralisation of the bronchial wall - age related change
Thickening of bronchial wall and/or increased diameter
End-on appearance of the bronchus
Increase bronchial diameter with no evidence of tapering of the bronchus in the periphery - bronchiestasis

85
Q

Interstitial patterns

A

Elements of lung that don’t contain air
Classifed as local or diffuse and nodular or unstructured (hazy)
Metastatic neoplasia
Other Dx: haematoma, granulomas, fluid filled bronchi, abscesses

Pulmonary masses i.e. primary neoplasia: larger than nodules and may cause displacement of the mediastinal structures

Unstructured (hazy) interstitial pattern:

  • Diffuse: Underexposed, taken during expiration, ‘old dog lung,’ lymphoma, pneumonia, disease in transition
  • Localised: partial lung collapse, haemmorrhage/contusion, pulmonary embolism, bronchial FB, diseases in transmission
86
Q

Alveolar pattern

A

Lack of air in alveoli
Uniform increased lung opacity with no visibility of pulmonary vessels in the affected area

Localised: bronchopneumonia, oedema, haemorrhage, neoplasia, lung collapse/atelectasis

Diffuse: severe bronchopneumonia, severe oedema, near-drowning, smoke-inhalation

87
Q

Vascular pattern

A

Enlarged arteries: pulmonary hypertension
Enlarged veins: congestion due to mitral insufficiency
Enlarged As and Vs: overcirculation
Smal As and Vs: hypovolaemia, tetralogy of Fallot

88
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Visibility increased by thickening of the pleural membrane or increased volume of pleural fluid result in widening of the pleural fissures

Pneumothorax: Radiolucent space between the cardiac silhouette and sternum, lack of pulmonary vessels in the periphery of the thorax

Pleural fluids: generalised increased opacity in the thoracic cavity, loss of clarity of the cardiac silhouette and diaphragmatic outline

89
Q

Mediastinum

A

Contains trachea, oesophagus, heart, aorta and major branches, thoracic duct, lymph nodes, and nerves

V/D cranial mediastinum should not exceed 2x width of vertebral bodies
Displacement?

Pneumo-mediastinum:

  • Radiolucency in the mediastinum with increased visibility of blood vessels, oesophagus and tracheal wall
  • Secondary to pneumo-mediastinum: gas lucency into the fascial planes of the neck and thoracic wall, pneumo-retroperitoneum

Mediastinal mass:

  • Soft tissue opacity
  • Displacement of adjacent structures e.g. the trachea
  • Thymus is normally visible in young animals
  • Neoplasia, abscess, granulomas, cysts, sternal lymphadenopathy and oesophageal dilation (secondary to vascular ring anomaly)
90
Q

Diaphragm

A

Thoracic surface usually visible because of adjacent gas filled lungs
Abdominal surface not usually seen due to ‘silhouettin’ with adjacent liver
Normal intersection point of diaphragm and spine is usually between T11 and T13 (T9-L1)
Caudal vena cava passes through the caval hiatus

91
Q

Obstructive disease

Dyspnoeic dog or cat

A

Significant amount of URT or significant number of small airways of LRT

Nasal obstruction: rhinitis, FB, neoplasia, polyp
Trauma, laryngeal paralysis, FB, tracheal collapse
Brachycephalic obstructive airway disease: soft palate, stenotic nares, laryngeal collapse
Fillaroides, asthma, extralumenal mass lesions

92
Q

Loss of thoracic capacity

Dyspnoeic dog or cat

A

Fluid/air in pleural space
Organs displaced from abdomen
Less common: neoplasia, marked cardiomegaly

Differential diagnoses: Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, neoplasia, ruptured diaphragm, gross cardiomegaly, cranial abdominal organ enlargment, PPDH (periocardio-peritoneo-diaphragmatic hernia)

93
Q

Pulmonary parenchymal disease

Dyspnoeic dog or cat

A

Compromising gas exchange
Diffusion abnormalities due to disease of the alveolar wall and interstitium
Alveolar flooding with oedema, blood or exudate
Abnormal pulmonary vascular supply
Thromboembolism
V/Q mismatch

Differentials: bronchopneumonia, pulmonary oedema, neoplasia, pulmonary haemorrhage, pulmonary fibrosis, LRT parasites

94
Q

Cat Flu

A

Feline infectious upper respiratory disease complex
Common problem in cat
Groups of cats
Feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus, Chlamydophila felis, Bordetella, Mycoplasma, Reovirus, Cowpox

95
Q

Feline viral rhinotracheitis

A

Conjunctivitis, rhinitis, tracheitis, laryngitis
Sneezing, hypersalivation, serous or mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
Dendritic corneal ulcers

Repro problems: abortion, congenitally infected kittens (encephalitis and hepatitis)

96
Q

Feline calicivirus

A

Oral ulceration
Rhinitis, conjunctivitis, interstitial pneumonia
Arthritis/lameness syndrome

Concurrent infections: FIV/FeLV

Treatment: nursing care, patient support

  • Assist respiration: clear secretion from external nares, decongestants, nebulise saline
  • Fluids
  • Nutrition
  • Antibiotics
  • Interferon? Aciclovir? Trifluorothymidine?
97
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Chronic irritation to bronchial mucosa, mucosal hypoplasia, increased mucus production, decreased efficacy of respiratory defence mechanisms
Bronchospasm, reduced airflow, chronic cough

Old small breed overweight dogs
Insidious onset, dry, hacking cough

Drugs:

  • Bronchodilators (theophylline, terbutaline, adrenaline, atropine)
  • Antibiotics
  • Expectorants/mucolytics
  • Cough suppressants
  • Anti-inflammatory medicine
98
Q

Feline asthma

A

aka Feline Allergic Airway Disease (FAAD)
Most common cause of persistent coughing
Antigenic stimulus: inflammation, mucous, oedema and bronchoconstriction
Tracheal wash: inflammatory population with predominate eosinophils

Maintenance:

  • Corticosteroid - tapered, nebulise
  • Bronchodilators: terbutaline, theophylline
99
Q

Aelurostrongylus

A

Feline lungworm
Occasionally results in clinical signs
Alveolar/intersitial disease
Prolonged course of Fenbendazole

100
Q

Canine Lungworm

A

Angiostrongylus vasorum, Filaroides (Osterus) Osteri, Dirofilaria, other filaroides sp, crenosoma

Eosinophilia, evidence of parasite larvae

7d of fenbendazole
Milbemycin and moxidectin specifically licensed

101
Q

Tracheal collapse

A

Loss of normal tracheal ring structure
Cervical trachea collapses on inspiration
Thoracic trachea collapses on expiration
‘Goose honk’ cough

Yorkshire terriers and poodles, 4-7y
Fluoroscopy - grade I-IV

Treat:

  • Medical management like chronic bronchitis
  • Surgery - high risk, intralumenal stent (palliative), placement of prosthetic rings around the trachea
102
Q

Foreign bodies

A

Persistent focus of irritation, infection and airway obstruction
Cough +/- focal pneumonia

Treat: endoscopy +/- surgery

103
Q

Pulmonary infiltrate with eosinophils (PIE)

Dogs

A

May be immune-mediated, seasonal, associated with atopy

Eosinophila, bronchial/alveolar pattern, bronchoscopy

Treat:

  • Control secondary infection
  • Corticosteroids at immunosuppresive doses
104
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Septic effusion - fever and pain
Trauma - diaphragmatic hernia
Neoplastic effusion
Hypoproteinaemia

Fluid: cytology, Gram stain, total protein, triglyceride and cholesterol levels, bacterial culture and sensitivity

Hyperglobulinaemia in a cat with FIP

Specific tests: clotting times, virus titres (FeLV, FIV, FIP)

Radiography - before and after thoracocentesis

Ultrasound: Detection of masses with mediastinum and pleura, enhanced by presence of fluid, diaphragmatic hermia

105
Q

Specific pleural diseases

A

Lung lobe torsion - surgery
Right side heart failure - management of heart failure
Neoplastic effusion - surgery or chemotherapy
Transudate due to hypoproteinaemia
FIP
Diaphragmatic hernia - surgery

106
Q

Pyothorax

A

Highly inspissated and viscous nature of the pleural fluid
Drainage unlikely to be sufficient
Systemic antibiotic administration unlikely to penetrate

Implant drains and flush cavity - 5-7d and then antibiotics for 4-6 weeks
Consider exploratory thoracotomy

107
Q

Chylothorax

A

Failure of lymph to drain via thoracic duct into the venous circulation - neoplasia, heart failure, idiopathic

Medical: low fat diet and rutin (50mg/kg q8-12h)

  • May lead to a reduction in fluid formation
  • Fluid can be drained intermittently - reasonable quality of life
  • Consider diuresis

Surgery:

  • Identification and ligation of all the branches of the thoracic duct and/or provide alternative route for drainage of the pleural fluid
  • Pleurodesis also suggested - adhesions between visceral and perietal pleura - destroyed pleural space
108
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Small volumes resorbed over a few days

If respiratory distress, drainage of pleural air necessary (dorsal thoracocentesis)

Large/recurrent volume of air/obvious lesion: surgical exploration, identification of the leak and surgical correction

109
Q

Equine pleuropneumonia

A

Pasteurella spp., Bordatella spp., Bacteroides spp. (aerobes) - Cranioventral distribution

Pyrexia, lethargy, slight nasal discharge, shallow breathing, guarded cough, painful stilted gait, pleurodynia
Nostril flare, tachycardia, increased jugular pulse height, toxic mm, guarded soft moist cough, foetid nasal discharge

Ventral dullness, ultrasound, xray, transtracheal aspirate, thoracocentesis

Remove excess pleural fluid, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and analgesia, supportive care

Complications: pulmonary abscesses, pleural adhesions, bronchopleural fistula, constrictive pericarditis, thromboplebitis

110
Q

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD)

A

Painful, Expensive and Time consuming
Death, Poor or reduced growth
Welfare

Chronic: Environment
Colostrum (blood samples TP >5.5), mixing, transport, home bred or purchased, nutrition, standard of husbandry

Enzootic pneumonia: flare up, group of calves, reduced feed intake, dull, dry or moist coughing, pyrexia (>40), respiration (>40), tracheal pinch, conjunctivitis, oculonasal discharge, cranioventral

Mycoplasma dispar, bovis, canis, Ureaplasma spp., BVDV, PI3, BRSV, IBR, Bovine coronavirus
Less common: Reovirus 1, 2, 3, adenovirus 1, 2, 3, 4, rhinovirus 1, enterovirus, PI2

More serious infections: Mannhaemia haemolytica A1 and 6, Pasteurella multocida, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Histophilus somni - DEATH

Treatment (>39.7), correct environment, PME, identify pathogens, revisit, consider vaccination

111
Q

Bovine herpesvirus 1

A

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
Pyrexia, conjunctivitis, cough, tracheitis
Can progress to pneumonia

Genital form:

  • Female: infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
  • Male: Balanoposthitis

Ocular form, encephalitis, abortion, reproductive failure

Latent infection:

  • Resides in trigeminal ganglion - can last indefinitely
  • Can recrudesce, reactivate and start shedding again after very long period
  • Recrudescence due to stress
  • Cannot reliably detect

Status of herd:

  • Dairy: bulk milk antibody titres regularly
  • Beef: sample cohort
  • Monitor abortions
  • Investigate pneumonia

Vaccinate - works well, reduce level of virus and shedding

112
Q

Calf Diptheria

Necrotic laryngitis

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum
Lesions in mouth, tongue, larynx - foul smelling necrotic lesions
Can be cause by food trapped between teeth and buccal mucosa, sharp teeth, poor hygiene of feeding equipment

Excessive salivation, foul breath, swollen cheeks and abscesses in cheek region, increased respiratory noise, auscultate over larynx and trachea

Antibiotics, tracheostomy or surgery

113
Q

Chronic hyperplastic rhinitis

Whippets, Dachshunds and cats

A

Prolonged inflammatory processes with nasal cavity stimulate hyperplasia of mm and increased mucous secretion

Rhinotimy and turbinectomy

114
Q

Intranasal neoplasia

A

Most malignant: solid carcinoma or adenocarcinoma, chrondro, fibro, osteo -sarcoma

Exploratory rhinotomy
Benign polypoid rhinitis

115
Q

Defects in the secondary palate

A

Congenital: failure of fusionn unable to suckle, nasal return of milk, aspiration pneumonia, chronic nasal discharge (mild)

Acquired: forceful separation - direct trauma or tooth extraction, aspiration pneumonia, chronic nasal discharge, sneezing

116
Q

BOAS surgery

A

Rhinoplasty
Staphylectomy
Resection of everted mucosa of lateral laryngeal ventricles
Temporary tracheostomy (optional)

117
Q

Tracheostomy

A

Ventral midline skin incision - 2-4 caudal to the larynx
Separate sternohyoid/sternothyroid muscles midline to reveal the ventral trachea
Long stay sutures of 2-0 monofilament nylon are placed around tracheal rings with two tracheal ring separating them
Tranverse incision is made before 4th and 5th tracheal rings between the stay suture
Tube placed into the tracheal lumen
Skin is closed around the tracheostomy tube and the tube is secured by passing umbilical tape or similar around neck
Pre-placed stay sutures are tied in a loose bow

Care:

  • Constant monitoring
  • Insert sleeve removed and cleaned every 2h
  • Nebulise every 4h
  • Limit physical activity
  • Suction tube only if necessary
118
Q

Laryngeal paralysis

A

Congenitial: Bouvier des Flandres, Husky
Acquired (known): trauma, neoplasia, secondary polyneuropathy/polymyopathy
Acquired (idiopathic): Lab, Retriever, Setter, Afghan, St. Bernard

Chronic progressive exercise intolerance, dysphonia, increased respiratory noise, chronic cough, cyanosis and collapse

Left arytenoid lateralisation: suturing of the arytenoid to the thyroid or cricoid

119
Q

Laryngeal neoplasia

A 
Rare but malignant
Congenital rhabdomyosarcoma (oncocytoma), squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, lymphoma (cat)

Dysphonia, sonorous respiration, exercise intolerance, respiratory distress

120
Q

Tracheal trauma

A

Neck bite wounds, traumatic intubation, blunt trauma to chest (cats)
Subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax
Positive contrast study using water soluble, organic iodide solutions, bronchoscopy, exploratory surgery

Treat: conservative therapy if stable, surgical therapy warranted if progressive and respiratory distress is severe

121
Q

Spontaneous pneumothorax

A

Lung suspected as the leak and no history of trauma

Ruptured pulmonary bullae or blebs, migrating inhaled plant material, bacterial pneumonia, chronic obstructive lung diseases, asthma, TB, pulmonary neoplasia airway parasite (filaroides)

Stabilise, surgically explore and remove disease lung, prolonged pleural evacuation

122
Q

Lung lobe torsion

A

Uncommon
Narrow, deep chests - more frequent
Right middle and cranial lung lobes

Pleural effusions (chylothorax), trauma, thoracic surgery, neoplasia and chronic respiratory disease

Depressed, inappetent, febrile, dyspnoea and a cough, muffled lung sounds, thoracocentesis, u/s, xray, CT

Lobectomy

123
Q

Diaphragmatic rupture

A

Muscular (weakest) part of the diaphragm
Effusion can lead to hydrothorax and compromise lung volume
Muffled heart sounds, loss of lung sounds, dull thoracic percussion and an ‘empty’ abdomen

Gastric decompression or emergency surgery

124
Q

Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH)

A

Failure of septum transversum to advance leaving space between the two advancing lateral pleuroperitoneal folds of failure of the lateral pleuroperitoneal
OR
Failure of the lateral pleuroperitoneal folds to unite or as a result of intrauterine trauma

May be associated with other developmental defects (sternal and ventral abdominal wall fusion defects, VSD, PS, ASD and PSS)

Repair asap in young animals to reduce risk of adhesions
May be elective in asymptomatic older patients

125
Q

Oesophageal hitial hernia (EHH)

A

Defect in the formation of the oesophageal hiatus
Chinese Shar Pei
Chronic gastrointestinal reflux, regurgitation, vomiting
Leading to chronic oesophagitis, oesophageal hypomotility and aspiration pneumonia

Close hiatus and make sure stomach stays in the abdomen

126
Q

Thoracic wall trauma

A

Non-penetrating can be managed conservatively

Penetrating:

  • Undergo exploratory thoracotomy around traumatic thoracic opening
  • Removal or injured or devitalised tissue, provision of pleural damage and closure of thoracic wall (native tissues or synthetic mesh)

Stabilise fractured ribs, consider ventilation

127
Q

Thoracic wall tumours

A

Osteosarcoma and chrondosarcoma from costeochondral junction
Haemangiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, mast cell tumours, infiltrative lipomas can also occur

Full thickness resection and reconstruction of thoracic wall

128
Q

Bovine Lungworm

A

Dictyocaulus viviparous

  • Trichostrongyle - found in trachea and larger bronchi
  • Husk, hoose

Penetration phase (week 1): Larvae migrate to lungs

Prepatent period (weeks 1-3): Development and migration of larvae -> bronchiolitis -> eosinophilic exudate -> blocks passage of air -> alveolar collapse distal to blockage

Patent phase (weeks 4-8):

  • Worms mature and egg-producing - Bronchitis (due to adult worms)
  • Parasitic pneumonia (areas of consolidation due to re-aspiration of eggs and larvae -> cellular infiltrate by polymorphs, macrophages, FB, giant cells)

Post-patent phase (weeks 8-12):

  • Most of worms expelled
  • Clinical signs flare up in 25% cases - alveolar epithelialisation, interstitial emphysema, pulmonary oedema, secondary bacterial infection

Baerman technique, second half of grazing season, diaphragmatic lobes - plum-coloured,

Vaccinate 1st season calves, anthelmintic - doremectin

129
Q

Ovine lungworm

A

Dictyocaulus filaria (less important: Muellerius, Protostrongylus)

Outbreaks unpredictable - treat affected stock, house/move to clean grazing

130
Q

Equine lungworm

A

Dictycaulus arnfeildi

Raised area of over-inflated pulmonary tissue, hyperplastic bronchial epithelium, peribronchial ‘cuffing’
Grazed with donkeys
Ivermectin

131
Q

Canine lungworm

A

Angiostrongylus vasorum:

  • Metastrongyloid nematode
  • Indirect
  • Cardiorespiratory signs, coagulopathies, neurological signs
  • Baerman technique
  • Prepatent period 6-10w
  • Bloods: hypochromic anaemia, eosinophilia, co-agulopathy tests, ELISA
  • Moxidectin, Milbemycin, Fenbendazole
  • Control

Filaroides (Oslerus) osleri:

  • Atypical metastrongyloid nematode
  • Direct
  • Adult worms in tracheal nodules
  • Diagnosis difficult - Baerman technique, endoscope
  • Fenbendazole
132
Q

Feline lungworm

A

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

  • Uncommon
  • Typical metastrongyloid
  • Indirect
  • Faecal exam - Baerman technique
  • Fenbendazole
133
Q

Pre-weaned pigs

A 
Progressive atrophis rhinitis
Bordetella bronchisepticum
Inclusion body rhinitis (pig CMV)
Enzootic pneumonia (Mycoplasma sp)
PRRSV
Glasser's disease (Haemophilus parasuis)
134
Q

Weaners, growers and finishers

A 
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Glasser's disease
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
Pasteurella multocida
Mycoplasma hyopneumonia (EP)/hyorrhinis
PRRSV
Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV)
Influenza
PMWS/PCVAD
(Aujeszky's disease - pig herpesvirus 1)
135
Q

Specific respiratory disease in non-immune adult pigs

A 
Glasser's disease
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Pasteurellosis
Enzootic pneumonia
PRRSV 
Influenza
136
Q

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

A

Great economic importance
Weaned pigs, increased cough, variance in growth, secondary infection
30-80% pigs have lung lesions at slaughter

137
Q

Actinobacillus plueropneumonia

A

Explosive outbreaks of pneumonia with high morbidity and mortality to seroconversion with few clinical signs

Acute fatal respiratory disease with fibrinous pleuritis and firm lung infarcts (lesions largely produced by the toxins) - caudal lung lobe

138
Q

Aujeszky’s disease

A

Swine herpesvirus type 1

Notifiable, not present in UK

139
Q

Swine influenza virus

A 
Rapid involvement of up to 100% pigs
Pyrexia, lethargic, prostrate
Skin erythema, anorexia
Severe, coughing, sneezing, dyspnoea
Conjunctivitis
Recovery equally rapid (5d)
Pregnant sows may abort
140
Q

Sudden death

Sheep

A

Peracute pneumonia: Mannheimia haemolytica, ‘Enzootic pneumonia’
Septicaemia

141
Q

Acute/sub-acute ill health, cough +/- discharges, fever

A 
Acute bacterial/viral pneumonias (fever)
Aspiration pneumonia (fever)
Parasitic pneumonia (no fever)
142
Q

Chronic ill-thrift, occasional cough

Lambs

A 
Chronic pneumonia (Mycoplasma, resolved enzootic pneumonia)
Lung damage - poor weight gain
143
Q

Chronic weight loss and breathing difficulties

Adult sheep

A

‘Slow virus’ diseases - Maedi-Visna, Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis
Lung tissue replaced with solid tissues
Only 1-2 animals affected at a time

144
Q

Ovine pneumonia agents

A

Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella trehalosi
(Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella papertussis)
Mycoplasmas
PI3, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, reovirus

145
Q

Enzootic pneumonia

Sheep

A

Mannheimia haemolytica

Sudden death, fever, depressed, inappetent, dyspnoea, cough, nasal discharge, death, poor thrift

146
Q

Maedi-visna

A

Lentivirus (slow virus)
Visna (wasting) and mastitis
Mainly vertical transmission

3y+, slow progression of signs, emaciation, severe respiratory distress +/- cough, nasal discharge

147
Q

Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis

A

Jaagsiekte
Herpesvirus and adenovirus - slow progressive lung adenocarcinomas
Long incubation
Respirato transmission and vertical

148
Q

Strangles

Classical acute disease

A

Streptococcus equi equi
Highly infectious 1-5y
Incubation period 2-6y, nasal shedding for 3-6w (may shed asymptomatically for years)

Classical:

  • Fever, depression, inappetence, cough, nasal discharge
  • Abscessation of mandibular or retropharyngeal LNs - rupture after 7-10d - no antibiotics, nursing, anti-pyretics, soft food
  • Dyspnoea and dysphagia if abscesses compress larynx or interferes with cranial nerve to pharynx
  • Mucoid to purulent nasal discharge

Early clinical signs: penicillin

149
Q

Atypical strangles

A

Looks likes any respiratory tract infection

Internal abscessation - long term antibiotics penicillin or trimethoprim)

Purpura haemorrhagica:

  • Generalised vasculitis - type III hypersensitivity reaction
  • Death - pneumonia, cardiac arrhythmia, renal failure, GI disorders
  • Penicillin, dexamethasone (0.05-0.2mg/kg) or prednisolone (0.5-1 mg/kg), NSAIDs, fluids

Other complications:

  • Anaemia
  • GP empyema and chondroids - draina and antibiotics
  • Retropharyngeal abscessation
  • Laryngeal hemiplegia
  • Horner’s syndrome
  • Abscesses of mammary glands
  • CNS abscesses
  • Endocarditis or myocarditis
  • Agalactia
  • Tracheal compression dye to cranial mediastinal LN abscess
  • Suppurative bronchopneumonia
  • Myopathies
150
Q

Sinusitis in horses

A

Dental diseases: 09-11 (M1, M2, M3)
Bacterial, fungal
Neoplasia

Possible concurrent signs: decreased air flow, facial swelling, dullness on percussion

Medical: lavage and antibiotics

Surgical:

  • Sinoscopy (including fenestration on ventral conchal bulls (VCB)
  • Removal nod inciting cause
  • Flap sinusotomy
151
Q

Guttural pouch empyema

A

Bacterial infection - often Streptococcus equi

Endoscopy, xray - chondroids (inspissated pus)

Medical: Pouch lavage, antibiotics (penicillin and TMPS), remove choroids if necessary

Surgery: Viborg’s triangle approach for drainage, ventral paramedian approach for chondroid removal, dyspnoeic horses may require tracheostomy

152
Q

Sites of URT obstruction in horses

A

Nostrils: alar fold/collapse/flutter, incomplete dilation of the nares

Nasal passages: septal disease, small nasal passages, eruption bumps (tubercula transitoria), mass lesions

Sinuses (expansile lesions): cysts, mass lesions

Pharynx:

  • Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP): neuromuscular dysfunction - palatal and/or peripharyngeal musculature, dynamic endoscopy, Llewelyn technique/thermal palatoplasty/laryngeal ‘tie-forward’
  • Postural compression (nasopharyngeal collapse)
  • Pharyngeal cysts: subepiglottic, dorsal pharyngeal

Larynx:

  • Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (‘roaring’): Degenerate axonopathy of recurrent laryngeal nerve - left side, impaired function of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle
  • Epiglottic entrapment: envelopment of the epiglottis by the subepiglottic mucosa and aryepiglottic folds, midline division of the entrapping tissue
  • Arytenoid chondritis:chronic infection of the body of the arytenoid cartilage resulting in thickening and intraluminal granulations
153
Q

Progressive ethmoidal haematoma (PEH)

Horses

A

Progressively enlarging, non-neoplastic mass lesion originating in the ethmoid turbinate
May expand to occupy the nasal passages, maxillary and frontal sinuses or nasopharynx

  • Radically excise
  • Laser treatment
  • Intralesional formulin
154
Q

Guttural pouch mycoses

A

Fungal infection (Aspergillosis spp.) - roof of the medial compartment near the articulation of the stylohyoid bone with the temporal bone

Epistaxis: ligation, balloon occlusion or coil occlusion of affected vessels

Mycotic lesion: systemic/topical antifungals, antiseptics

155
Q

Atheroma

Horses

A

Sebaceous cyst in the nasal diverticulum
Noticed shortly after birth and grow through the 1st/2nd year
Unilateral/bilateral
Cosmetic

156
Q

Sinus cysts

Horses

A

Congenital cystic dysplasia of sinus mucosa
1.5y with facial swelling
Decreased air flow on affected side, nasal discharge, epiphora
Breakdown of cysts via flap sinuscopy

157
Q

Sinus neoplasia

Horses

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Many varieties of sarcoma also reported
Facial swelling, decreased airflow on affected side, nasal discharge, epiphora

Excision via flap sinusotomy, laser obilteration

158
Q

Guttural pouch tympany

A

Excessive air accumulation of air in the guttural pouch

Congenital: neonates, due to abnormal formation of pharyngeal opening of the pouch

Acquired: older foals, yearlings, due to swelling involving pharyngeal opening of pouch

Tympanic swelling in parotid region, unilateral or bilateral

159
Q

Assessing radiographs roentgen method

A 
Size
Shape
Opacity
Margination (contour)
Position
Number

Veterinary Medicine (15 decks)

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