GIT Flashcards
Anti-emetics
Sucralfate: protective barrier when reacts with HCl
Cimetidine: Inhibits gastric acid
Omeprazole: Proton pump inhibitor
Metoclopramide: upper GI prokinetic agent
Ondansetron: good for chemo nausea and pancreatitis
Maropitant: very potent
Frothy bloat
No eructation
Cows on pasture - legumes, clovers, alfafa and rich, lush pasture
Sudden and severe
Anti foaming agent - Poloxalene (25-50g), mineral oil, corn oil (500ml), simethicone (100ml), sternal recumbency, careful pasture management
Calf diarrhoea
E. coli
Cow diarrhoea
Johne’s
Sub-acute rumen acidosis
Salmonella
Winter dysentary
Abdominocentesis
Horses
Normal:
- Clear, straw coloured
- 5000 cell count
- > 25 protein
- Bacterial, feed material
Strangulating lesions
Horses
Small intestine:
Volvulus, strangulating lipoma, epiploic foramen entrapment, inguinal/scrotal hernia, intussceptions, diaphragmatic hernia, mesenteric rent
Large intestine (quite rare):
Colon torsion
Intussception
Large intestine
Abdominal pain
Tenesmus Diarrhoea Mucus in the faeces Haematochezia Constipation
Megacolon
Flaccid enlargement of the colon
Distension of the colon with faeces and loss of function of the colonic mucosa
Primary idiopathic: cats
Secondary: pelvic fractures, intrapelvic space-occupying lesion, neoplasia, lymphadenopathy, abscess, colorectal neoplasia/abscess, perineal hernia, inappropriate diet
Colorectal neoplasia
Benign: adenomatous polyps, leiomyomas
Malignant: adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma, haemangiosarcoma, plasmacytoma
Older dogs: 6-9y, GSD, Great Danes, Doberman, Boxer
Anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma
Highly malignant
Perianal adenoma: benign, common, intact male, spayed females
Perianal adenocarcinoma: malignant, rare, treat as anal sac adenocarcinoma
Viral hepatitis
Adenoviruses: canine infectious hepatitis
Herpesvirus: EHV1, IBR, feline viral rhinotracheitis, Aujeszky’s disease
Coronavirus: FIP
Bacterial hepatitis
Haematogenous spread: umbilical, portal (from GIT), hepatic artery
Hepatic abscessation: cattle, from umbilical infections (mixed bacteria), from rumenitis (grain overfeed)
Bacillary necrosis: Fusobacterium necrophorum - cattle
Infectious necrotic hepatitis: Black disease - Clostridium navyi type B - sheep, rarely horses or pigs
- Migrating immature liver fluke can precipitate disease, found dead
Bacillary haemoglbinuria: Clostridium haemolyticum - cattle and sheep
- Severe anaemia, jaundice, haemoglobin urea
Tyzzer’s disease: Bacillus piliformis - lab rodents (occasionally foals 1-4w, puppies, kittens)
Leptospirosis: principally dogs - zoonotic
Salmonellosis: principally calves - S. dublin
- Fever, dehydration and diarrhoea
Liver parasites
Milk spot fever: Ascaris suum migration
Strongyle migration in horse
Toxic liver damage
Acute: widespread haemorrhages - excessive consumption of clotting factors in the liver and failure to produce more e.g. blue-green algae, iron and crescis
Chronic: e.g. ragwort, alfatoxins, copper
Some drugs: primidone, sulphonamides and paracetamol (cats)
Bile duct
Obstruction: parasites, gall stones, compression of the duct by inflammation/neoplasia
Rupture
Liver tumours
Hepatocytes: hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoma
Biliary epithelium: cholangiocellular carcinomas
Haemangiosarcoma
Secondary metastasis: melanoma, carcinoma, sarcoma and lymphoma
Icterus
Pre-hepatic: haemolysis - IMHA, Babesia infection, toxins (onions, lead, copper)
Hepatic:
- Cat: Suppurative cholangiohepatitis, lymphocyte plasmacytic hepatitis, hepatic lipidosis, FIP, toxins, neoplasia
- Dog: acute liver disease (toxins), leptospirosis, chronic hepatitis, neoplasia
Post-hepatic: pancreatitis, neoplasia, cholelithiasis
Icterus
Horses
Pre-hepatic: haemolysis, primary unconjugated bilirubin, neonatal isoerythrolysis (infections, drugs, toxins, autoimmune HA)
Hepatic: impaired hepatic uptake or conjugation, increased unconjugated, common cause - anorexia, acute hepatocellular disease
Post-hepatic: impaired excretion of bilirubin, cholangitis, cholangiohepatitis, cholestasis, shunts (very uncommon)
Photosensitisation
Phylloerythrim: photodynamic agent formed by bacteria in the gut, absorbed, conjugated and excreted by the liver
Liver dysfunction: increased levels of phylloerythrin
Exposure to UV liver causes cell membrane damage and necrosis
Lesions occur in areas of non-pigmented skin - UV light absorbed more efficiently - eyes and mouth
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) toxicity
Ragwort, Senecia spp
4-12w ingestion
Metabolised by liver - toxic pyrrole derivatives - antimitotic
Cells cannot divide -> megalocyte production -> megalocyte death -> fibrosis
Theiller’s disease
Cause unknown - serum sickness, acute necrotic hepatitis
Tooth resorption
Most common dental disease problems in cats (1/3)
Prevalence increases with age
Teeth attacked by odontoclasts - adhere to the surface of the root and form resorptive lacunae
Vascular granulation tissue fills the lesion and may be replaced by bone and cementum like tissue
