Respiratory

Question 1

air enters the respiratory tract through the ________ and then passes through the nasal cavity, where it is filtered through mucous membranes and ___

Answer 1

external nares; nasal hairs (vibrissae)

Question 2

another word for nasal hairs is

Answer 2

vibrissae

Question 3

the pharynx is a pathway for:

Answer 3

the lungs and food destined for the esophagus

Question 4

the larynx is a pathway for

Answer 4

only air

Question 5

glottis

Answer 5

the opening of the larynx that is covered by the epiglottis during swallowing

Question 6

from the larynx, air passes into the trachea and then into

Answer 6

one of the two mainstream bronchi

Question 7

which type of cells are found in the bronchi and trachea?

Answer 7

epithelial cells

Question 8

alveoli

Answer 8

tiny balloon like structures in which gas exchange occurs.

Question 9

each alveolus is coated with

Answer 9

surfactant; a detergent that lowers surface tension and prevents the alveolus from collapsing on itself

Question 10

pleurae

Answer 10

membranes that surround each lung

Question 11

There are 2 pleurae’s

Answer 11

visceral pleura

parietal pleura

Question 12

diaphragm

Answer 12

thin, muscular structure that divides the thoracic (chest) cavity from the abdominal cavity

under somatic control (even though breathing is up autonomic control)

Question 13

the intercellular space contains

Answer 13

a thin layer of fluid

Question 14

Inhalation

Answer 14

active process
we use our diaphragm as well as the external intercostal muscles (one of the layers of the muscles between the ribs) to expand the thoracic cavity

Question 15

As the diaphragm flattens and the chest wall expands outward, the intrathoracic volume (volume of the chest cavity) decreases or increases?

Specifically, because the intracellular space most clearly abuts the chest wall, its volume (decreases/increases) first.

Answer 15

increases; increases

Question 16

An increase in intracellular volume leads to a _____ in intrapleural pressure

Answer 16

decrease

Question 17

the gas in the lungs is initially at

Answer 17

atmospheric pressure (now higher than the pressure in the intracellular space)

Question 18

negative pressure breathing

Answer 18

as the chest wall expands, the pressure in the lungs drops, and the air is drawn into the lungs

when the air is sucked in from a high pressure environment (the outside world)

the driving force is the lower (relatively negative) pressure in the intracellular space compared with the lungs

Question 19

boyles law states that

Answer 19

the pressure and volume of gases are inversely related

Question 20

Exhalation

Answer 20

does not have to be an active process

as the diaphragm and external intercostals relax, the chest cavity decreases its volume

Question 21

Spirometer

Answer 21

cannot measure the amount of air remaining in the lung after complete exhalation (residual volume)

tests: 
total lung capacity
Residual volume (RV)
Vital Capacity (VC)
Tidal volume (TV)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Question 22

total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 22

The maximum volume of air int he lungs when one inhales completely; usually around 6 to 7 liters

Question 23

Residual volume (RV)

Answer 23

The minimum volume of air in the lungs when on exhales completely

Question 24

Vital Capacity (VC)

Answer 24

the difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs (TLC - RV)

Question 25

Tidal volume (TV)

Answer 25

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

Question 26

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 26

The volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

Question 27

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 27

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

Question 28

ventilation is regulated by

Answer 28

ventilation center (neurons (that contain chemoreceptors) in the medulla oblongata)

Question 29

as CO2 in the blood rises,

Answer 29

respiratory rate increases so that more CO2 is exhaled

Question 30

muscles involved in inhalation

Answer 30

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

Question 31

muscles involved in exhalation

Answer 31

the recoil of these same muscles

Question 32

purpose of surfactant?

Answer 32

reduces surface tension at the air - liquid interface at the alveoli. this prevents the collapse of alveoli

Question 33

mathematical relationship between viral capacity (VC), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and tidal volume (TV)?

Answer 33

vital capacity is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume and tidal volume:

VC = IRV + ERV + TV

Question 34

If blood levels of CO2 becomes too low, how does the brain alter the respiratory rate to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 34

When CO2 levels become too low, the brain can decrease the respiratory rate in order to raise CO2 levels

Question 35

primary function of the lungs:

Answer 35

gas exchange

Question 36

the driving force for gas exchange is the

Answer 36

pressure differential of the gases

Question 37

is the partial pressure low or high when it arrives at the alveoli?

Answer 37

low partial pressure of oxygen

high partial pressure of CO2