Mechanisms of Development

Question 1

Cell specialization occurs as a result of

Answer 1

determination and differentiation

Question 2

Determination

Answer 2

the commitment to a specific cell lineage, which may be accomplished by uneven segregation of cellular material during mitosis or by morphogens

Question 3

morphogens

Answer 3

promote development down a specific cell line

Question 4

To respond to a specific morphogen, a cell must have ______

Answer 4

competency

Question 5

Differentiation

Answer 5

refers to the changes a cell undergoes due to selective transcription to take on characteristics appropriate to its cell line

Question 6

stem cells

Answer 6

cells that are capable of developing into various cell types. they are classified by potency.

Question 7

totipotent cells

Answer 7

able to differentiate into all cell types, including the 3 germ laters and placental structures

Question 8

pluriopotent cells

Answer 8

able to differentiate into all 3 of the germ layers and their derivatives

Question 9

multipotent cells

Answer 9

able to differentiate only into a specific subset of cell types

Question 10

Inducer

Answer 10

releases factors to promote the differentiation of a competent responder

Question 11

autocrine

Answer 11

signals act on the same cell that released the signal

Question 12

paracrine

Answer 12

signals act on cells in the local area

Question 13

juxtacrine

Answer 13

signals act through direct stimulation of the adjacent cells

Question 14

endocrine

Answer 14

signals act on distant tissues after traveling through the blood stream

Question 15

growth factors

Answer 15

peptides that promote differentiation and mitosis in certain tissues

Question 16

reciprocal induction

Answer 16

when two tissues both induce further differentiation in each other

Question 17

signaling often occur via

Answer 17

gradients

Question 18

apoptosis

Answer 18

programmed cell death via the formation of apoptotic blebs that can subsequently be absorbed and digested by other cells.

Question 19

regenerative capacity

Answer 19

the ability of an organism to regrow certain parts of the body.

Question 20

senescence

Answer 20

the result of multiple molecular an metabolic processes ; most notably, the shortening of telomeres during cell division