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SAM 2 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Nasal discharge is commonly seen with which type of airway disorder, upper or lower?

A

Upper

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2
Q

Sneezing and reverse sneezing are often seen with which type of respiratory disorder, upper or lower?

A

Upper

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3
Q

Coughing is a hallmark sign of what 2 types of disorders?

A
  • Lower respiratory

- Heart disease

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4
Q

What are 3 audible sounds that can be heard with an upper respiratory disorder?

A
  • Stertor
  • Stridor
  • Snoring
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5
Q

Respiratory distress is seen with which type of airway disorder, upper or lower?

A

Lower

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6
Q

An inability to breathe easily if mouth is closed is seen with which type of respiratory disorder, upper or lower?

A

Upper

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7
Q

With lower airway disorders, is there an increased effort seen on inspiration or expiration?

A

Expiration

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8
Q

Pawing at the face can be a sign of which type of respiratory disorder, upper or lower?

A

Upper

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9
Q

What is almost always seen with nasal cavity disease?

A

Nasal discharge

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10
Q

What are 2 examples of pulmonary parenchymal diseases where mucopurulent nasal discharge can be seen?

A
  • Pneumonia

- Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy

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11
Q

What are 3 examples of systemic coagulopathies with which bloody nasal discharge can present?

A
  • Ehrlichia
  • Warfarin toxicity
  • Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE)
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12
Q

What are 4 types of nasal discharge?

A
  • Serous
  • Mucopurulent
  • Mucoid
  • Hemorrhagic
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13
Q

What are 3 questions to ask when characterizing nasal discharge?

A
  • Uni- or Bi- lateral?
  • Duration?
  • Changes over time?
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14
Q

Acute nasal discharge is often accompanied by what?

A

Sneezing

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15
Q

What are 6 assessments that should be performed when examining an animal with nasal discharge?

A
  • Nasal airflow
  • Ocular retropulsion
  • Depress soft palate
  • Regional lymph nodes
  • Facial/head
  • Oral examination
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16
Q

What are 2 techniques that can be used to examine nasal airflow?

A
  • Glass slide technique

- Wisp of cotton technique

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17
Q

What type of regional lymph nodes are examined when nasal discharge is present?

A

Submandibular

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18
Q

An oral exam might uncover what possible cause of nasal discharge?

A

Tooth abscess

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19
Q

Sneezing localizes disease to where?

A

Nasal cavity

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20
Q

What is considered a protective mechanism of the upper airway?

A

Sneezing

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21
Q

What type of dogs are more pre-disposed to reverse sneezing?

A

Small breed dogs

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22
Q

Loud breathing can localize an obstruction to what two general areas?

A
  • Nasal cavity

- Upper airway

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23
Q

A “gurgling or snoring” sound is known as what?

A

Stertor

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24
Q

Stertor is caused by rapid air flow past what type of obstruction?

A

“Soft tissue” obstruction

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25
Q

Narrowing of the nasal cavity, elongated soft palate and edematous or everted laryngeal saccules can all cause what type of respiratory sound?

A

Stertor

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26
Q

A high pitched noise or whine usually heard on inspiration is known as what?

A

Stridor

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27
Q

Expiratory stridor can occur with what condition?

A

Intrathoracic tracheal collapse

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28
Q

Is stridor more commonly heard on inspiration or expiration?

A

Inspiration

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29
Q

Stridor is caused by rapid air flow past what type of obstruction?

A

“Rigid” obstruction

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30
Q

Laryngeal paralysis and nasopharyngeal stenosis can cause what respiratory sound?

A

Stridor

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31
Q

It may be necessary to auscult over the neck region to hear which respiratory sound?

A

Stridor

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32
Q

Can laryngeal paralysis be life threatening?

A

Yes

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33
Q

What is considered a hallmark of trachea/lung disease (lower airways) or cardiac failure?
What 4 things are used to distinguish between the two?

A
  • Cough

- Signalment, history, PE findings, thoracic radiography

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34
Q

Pneumonia and emphysema are 2 examples of what type of respiratory disease?

A

Pulmonary parenchymal diseases

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35
Q

A forceful expiratory effort is known as a what?

A

Cough

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36
Q

What are 3 possible triggers of a cough?

A
  • Inflammatory products of neutrophils or eosinophils
  • Excessive secretions
  • Airway collapse
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37
Q

What are the 2 general classifications of a cough?

A
  • Dry, non-productive

- Moist, productive

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38
Q

How can a cough be determined non-cardiogenic?

A

Absence of cardiac enlargement on thoracic radiographs.

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39
Q

If thoracic radiographs show abnormal lungs, what 2 areas should be looked at?

A
  • Lower airways

- Pulmonary parenchyma

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40
Q

If thoracic radiographs show normal lungs, what area of the respiratory tract should be examined?

A

Trachea

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41
Q

A human term describing difficult or labored breathing is known as what?

A

Dyspnea

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42
Q

Conscious perception of “air hunger” is seen with what type of respiratory distress?

A

Dyspnea

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43
Q

Is dyspnea considered an ideal term for animal patients?

A

No

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44
Q

An increase in respiratory rate that may or may not be associated with distress is known as what?

A

Tachypnea

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45
Q

Tachypnea should not be confused with what?

A

Panting

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46
Q

What is a breathing pattern that dispels heat?

A

Panting

47
Q

What are 3 possible meanings of panting?

A
  • Heat not distress
  • Respiratory distress
  • Stress in cats
48
Q

With which respiratory condition can an animal can only breathe in an upright position with elbows abducted?

A

Orthopnea

49
Q

What type of lung diseases are associated with orthopnea?

A

Pleural diseases

50
Q

Respiratory distress is associated most often with what type of airway diseases?

A

Lower airway diseases

51
Q

What is an example of an upper airway disease in dogs where respiratory distress is experienced?

A

Bilateral laryngeal paralysis

52
Q

What is an example of insufficient oxygen in inspired air causing respiratory distress?

A

High altitude

53
Q

What is an example of insufficient ventilation that can cause respiratory distress?

A

Pulmonary parenchyma disease

54
Q

What is an example of insufficient circulation causing respiratory distress?

A

Cardiac failure

55
Q

What is an example of insufficient RBCs that can cause respiratory distress?

A

Anemia

56
Q

What is a source of abnormal hemoglobin that can cause respiratory distress?

A

Methemoglobinemia

57
Q

Not enough oxygen = what?

A

Cyanosis

58
Q

What does cyanosis indicate?

A

Severe hypoxemia

59
Q

What are 5 possible causes of cyanosis/hypoxemia?

A
  • Lack of oxygen: upper or lower airways
  • Abnormal hemoglobin: toxins
  • Heart disease
  • Lung disease
  • Potentially fatal event, such as the stopping of heart and lung function (cardiopulmonary arrest)
60
Q

An increased inspiratory effort would indicate what 2 possible causes?

A
  • Upper airway obstruction

- Pleural disease

61
Q

An increased expiratory effort could be caused by what?

A

Lower airway obstruction

62
Q

Shallow breaths with an increase in respiratory rate and effort indicate what?
What type of posture is often associated with this?

A
  • Restrictive pattern associated with lung parenchymal or pleural disease
  • Orthopneic posture
63
Q

Discordant motions of the chest and abdominal muscles are known as what?

A

Flail chest or respiratory muscle fatigue

64
Q

What should be checked for with an upper airway obstruction?

A

Nasal airflow

65
Q

Which lung sound is loudest over the hilus?

A

Bronchial

66
Q

Which lung sound is best heard on inspiration at the periphery of the chest?

A

Vesicular

67
Q

Which normal lung sound resembles the “wind blowing”?

A

Bronchial

68
Q

Which normal lung sound resembles the “rustling of leaves”?

A

Vesicular

69
Q

When are bronchial sounds heard the loudest?

A

During expiration

70
Q

A mixture, but mostly expiratory sounds that increase in intensity at central airway area are known as what?

A

Bronchovesicular

71
Q

The snapping open of airways that have closed due to fluid either in or around them cause what abnormal lung sound?

A

Crackles

72
Q

Which abnormal lung sound resembles “rice krispies”?

A

Crackles

73
Q

Which abnormal lung sound is caused by airflow through a narrow opening?

A

Wheezes

74
Q

When are wheezes usually heard?

A

On expiration

75
Q

A loud snap over the hilus at the end of expiration indicates what?

A

Collapse of the intrathoracic trachea, carina or main stem bronchi

76
Q

What type of sound indicates a tracheal collapse?

A

“Goose honks” or “kazoo”

77
Q

When roughened pleural surfaces are rubbing against each other what abnormal lung sound is created?

A

Creaking/grating sounds (bed springs)

78
Q

What is most important diagnostic test for signs of respiratory system disease in many cases?

A

Imaging

79
Q

What needs to be done before rads are taken for respiratory system disease?

A

Patient needs to be stabilized.

80
Q

What has become the standard for evaluation of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?

A

CT/MRI

81
Q

What are 3 indications for a nasal flush?

A
  • Foreign body suspect
  • Cleanse airways prior to rhinoscopy
  • Obtain samples for cytology
82
Q

What needs to be used with a nasal flush?

A

General anesthesia and cuffed endotracheal tube

83
Q

When flushing saline into one nostril for a nasal flush, what needs to be done with the other one?

A

It needs to be held closed with a finger.

84
Q

What position should cats be put in for a nasal flush?

A

Dorsal recumbency with a small rolled towel placed under the neck.

85
Q

What type of catheter should be used of antegrade and retrograde flushes?

A

Foley catheter

86
Q

What are 3 limitations of using an otoscope for examining a nasal cavity?

A
  • Depth
  • Visibility
  • Biopsy
87
Q

How do you enter the nare with a rhinoscope?

Why?

A
  • In a medial and dorsal direction

- Otherwise end up in a blind pouch

88
Q

What is an advantage on a rhinoscope?

A

Can see and biopsy abnormal areas

89
Q

What needs to be put on the biopsy forceps when performing a blind biopsy?
Why?

A
  • Tape

- So cribiform plate will not be penetrated

90
Q

What part of the respiratory tract is examined with bronchoscopy?

A

Lower respiratory tract

91
Q

What are 3 things that bronchoscopy can help with the diagnosis of?

A
  • Collapsing trachea
  • Foreign Body
  • Masses
92
Q

When is bronchoscopy contraindicated?

What is the exception?

A
  • Severe respiratory tract compromise

- Unless it is therapeutic (ex. removal of foreign body)

93
Q

What are 3 indications for the use of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)?

A
  • Small airway lung disease
  • Alveoli lung disease
  • Lung disease involving interstitium
94
Q

What can be used to sample specific disease lung lobes?

A

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)

95
Q

Transtracheal washes and aspirates are used in what size dogs?

A

Medium-larger breed dogs

96
Q

What is the anatomical landmark that can be felt through palpation for a transtracheal wash?

A

Cricothyroid ligament

97
Q

Endotracheal or transoral washes are used in what size animals?

A

Cats and tiny dogs

98
Q

General anesthesia is required for what type of wash?

A

Endotracheal or transoral

99
Q

How is an endotracheal or transoral wash administered?

A

Catheter down an ET tube

100
Q

What are 2 indications for a transthoracic lung aspiration?

A
  • Intra-thoracic mass lesions in contact with thoracic wall

- Diffuse disease

101
Q

What can improve the diagnostic yield and safety of a transthoracic lung aspiration?

A

Ultrasound guidance

102
Q

What are 3 possible complications of a transthoracic lung aspiration?

A
  • Hemothorax
  • Pneumothorax
  • Pyothorax later on
103
Q

What is a contraindication of a transthoracic lung aspiration?

A

Abscess

104
Q

Should a transthoracic lung aspiration be taken during inspiration or expiration?

A

Inspiration

105
Q

What is a technique that can be used for removing pleural effusion and air from the thoracic cavity?

A

Thoracocentesis

106
Q

What is used in the treatment of pyothorax?

A

Chest tube

107
Q

What can be used for the management of pneumothorax when air is continually accumulating?

A

Chest tube

108
Q

What are 4 things to consider when choosing an antibiotic to treat a respiratory condition?

A
  • What oraganisms are likely?
  • What antibiotics penetrate respiratory tissue?
  • Which part of the respiratory system are you treating?
  • Which species of animal are you treating?
109
Q

What are bronchodilators usually used for?

A

Bronchitis

110
Q

What is used mainly in dogs with a dry and non-productive cough due to airway collapse or irritant tracheitis?
When should it be avoided?

A
  • Anti-tussives

- Avoid with moist coughs

111
Q

What can improve hydration of the lower airways?

A

Nebulization followed by coupage

112
Q

What are 2 indications for the therapeutic use of oxygen?

A
  • Treatment of hypoxemia

- Decrease workload of heart and lungs

113
Q

What are 4 examples of methods for administering oxygen?

A
  • Face mask
  • Nasal catheter
  • Cage
  • Intratracheal

SAM 2 (9 decks)

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