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SAM 2 > Dog Tracheobronchial > Flashcards

Dog Tracheobronchial Flashcards

1
Q

Hoarse bark, gagging, inspiratory difficulty, cough, wheezing and respiratory distress are all clinical signs of what?

A

Tracheobronchial disease

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2
Q

What is the most common clinical sign of tracheobronchial disease?

A

Cough

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3
Q

How many organisms are involved with Kennel Cough?

A

One or multiple

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4
Q

What are 4 organisms that may be involved with Kennel Cough?

A
  • Parainfluenza
  • Canine adenovirus 2
  • Mycoplasma
  • Bordetella
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5
Q

Which Kennel Cough causing organism attaches to cilia of bronchial epithelium and interferes with motility leading to mucus accumulation and inflammation?

A

Bordetella

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6
Q

Is Kennel Cough contagious?

A

Yes

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7
Q

How is Kennel cough spread?

A

Respiratory secretions ad fomites

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8
Q

What is the incubation period for Kennel Cough?

A

3-7 days

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9
Q

What is the most common clinical sign seen with Kennel Cough?

A

Coughing

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10
Q

When are clinical signs usually seen post-exposure for Kennel Cough?

A

4-10 days post-exposure

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11
Q

What are the 2 forms of Kennel Cough?

A
  • Uncomplicated

- Complicated

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12
Q

With this form of Kennel Cough, the patient is not “sick”. It involves only the upper airways and a dry cough can be elicited on tracheal palpation. There can be serous oculonasal discharge, gagging and retching.

A

Uncomplicated

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13
Q

With this form of Kennel Cough, the patient is “sick”. It involves both upper and lower airways with a moist cough. There can be oculonasal discharge that is more mucopurulent and bronchopneumonia may develop.

A

Complicated

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14
Q

What is an important aspect of diagnosing Kennel Cough?

A

History

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15
Q

Further diagnostics may need to be performed with which form of Kennel Cough?

A

Complicated

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16
Q

What might be seen on a hemogram of a dog with complicated Kennel Cough?

A

Leukocytosis with left shift

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17
Q

What might thoracic radiographs show on a dog with complicated Kennel Cough?

A

Bronchopneumonia signs

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18
Q

Should exercise be restricted with uncomplicated, complicated Kennel Cough or both?

A

Both

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19
Q

What antibiotic can be used to treat uncomplicated Kennel Cough if Bordetella is the suspected causative agent?

A

Doxycycline

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20
Q

Uncomplicated Kennel Cough usually resolves within what amount of time?

A

Within 2 weeks

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21
Q

Can cough suppressants used with uncomplicated Kennel Cough?

A

Yes

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22
Q

What are 4 cough suppressant options that can be used for uncomplicated Kennel Cough?

A
  • Butorphanol
  • Hydrocodone
  • Codeine derivatives
  • Dextromethorphan
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23
Q

Systemic antibiotics should be given for 2 weeks with which form of Kennel Cough?

A

Complicated

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24
Q

What is not a good choice for the treatment of Bordetella due to poor levels in respiratory secretions?

A

Penicillin

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25
Q

Nebulization with what nephrotoxic drug can help to decrease coughing with complicated Kennel Cough?

A

Gentamicin

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26
Q

When should cough suppressants be avoided with complicated Kennel Cough?

A

Avoid if bacterial pneumonia is present.

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27
Q

What is a bronchodilator that can be used for complicated Kennel Cough?
What needs to be done if quinolone antibiotics are also being used?

A
  • Theophylline

- Avoid or decrease dose by 30% if using quinolone antibiotics

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28
Q

What is the prognosis with Kennel Cough?

A

Good to excellent

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29
Q

Which 2 viruses can be vaccinated for parenterally?

A
  • Canine adenovirus 2

- Parainfluenza

30
Q

Which 2 viruses can be vaccinated for intranasally or intraorally?

A
  • Parainfluenza

- Bordetella

31
Q

What are 2 environmental prevention techniques for Kennel Cough?

A
  • Sanitation with clorox diluted 1:32

- Ventilation in kennels

32
Q

What type is canine influenza?

What other influenza virus did this one mutate from?

A
  • Influenza Type A H3N8

- Equine influenza

33
Q

When was canine influenza first discovered?

In which breed?

A
  • 2004 in FL

- Racing Greyhounds

34
Q

When are clinical signs seen with canine influenza?

A

2-5 days post-exposure

35
Q

How is canine influenza transmitted?

A

Direct contact with respiratory secretions or fomites.

36
Q

What percentage of dogs with canine influenza do not show clinical signs?
What are they known as?

A
  • 20%

- Shedders and spreaders

37
Q

What are the 2 forms of canine influenza?

A
  • Mild/uncomplicated

- Severe/complicated

38
Q

What are 3 ways to diagnose canine influenza?

A
  • PCR if sample is within 72 hours of onset
  • Acute and convalescent titers
  • Viral isolation
39
Q

Which form of canine influenza looks just like mild or uncomplicated Kennel Cough?

A

Mild/uncomplicated

40
Q

Which form of canine influenza can have a high fever of 104-106 F and hemorrhagic pneumonia with coughing up of blood, dyspnea and tachypnea?

A

Severe/complicated

41
Q

Which form of canine influenza can have rapid onset leading to death with hours?

A

Severe/complicated

42
Q

What is the mortality rate with severe/complicated canine influenza?

A

5-8%

43
Q

What is the general treatment for canine influenza?

A

Supportive care

44
Q

What might be given with the severe/complicated form of canine influenza?

A

Systemic antibiotics

45
Q

Is the vaccine for canine influenza a core vaccine?

A

No

46
Q

What should be done with sick or exposed dogs?

A

Isolate

47
Q

How long does the canine influenza virus last in the environment?

A

Not more than 48 hours.

48
Q

What should be done to an environment exposed to canine influenza?

A

Disinfect with bleach (1/2 cup in gallon of water)

49
Q

What is a dog parasite that causes cream colored nodules in the trachea?

A

Oslerus osleri

50
Q

What is the signalment for an Oslerus osleri infection?

A

Younger dogs, kennels

51
Q

What are 3 clinical signs for Oslerus osleri?

A
  • Cough
  • Wheezing
  • Dyspnea
52
Q

What are 3 ways to possibly diagnose Oslerus osleri?

A
  • Tracheal mass on radiograph
  • Mass seen in bronchoscopy
  • Brushings/biopsy of mass, fecal exam
53
Q

What are two drugs that can be used to treat Oslerus osleri?

A
  • Ivermectin

- Fenbendazole

54
Q

What is the signalment for collapsing trachea?

A
  • Middle aged to older dogs
  • Toy or small breeds
  • Obese
55
Q

Lack of what 2 things can lead to a reduction in chondrocytes in tracheal cartilage?

A
  • Glycosaminoglycans

- Chondroitin sulfate

56
Q

Weak cartilage with flattening of tracheal rings can lead to what 3 things?

A
  • Mechanical irritation
  • Edema
  • Inflammation
57
Q

What happens when tracheal rings loose firmness?

A

Tracheal collapse

58
Q

What is a classical clinical sign for tracheal collapse?

A

Goose honk cough

59
Q

What are 3 things that can exacerbate the clinical signs seen with tracheal collapse?

A
  • Excitement
  • Exercise
  • Eating
60
Q

What can elicit a cough with tracheal collapse?

A

Tracheal palpation

61
Q

Many dogs with collapsing trachea have what condition?

What is believed to be the cause?

A
  • Hepatomegaly

- Oxygen deprivation resulted in significant liver disease.

62
Q

What are 2 possible clinical signs that can be seen with collapsing trachea?

A
  • Cardiac murmur

- Variable breath sounds

63
Q

What are 4 aspects of diagnosing tracheal collapse?

Which one is the best?

A
  • Signalment, history, PE
  • Thoracic/cervical radiographs
  • Fluoroscopy
  • Bronchoscopy (best)
64
Q

What is often required in a case of acute severe tracheal collapse?
What are 3 examples?

A
  • Sedation

- Acepromazine, butorphanol, diazepam

65
Q

What are 2 cough suppressants that can be used with acute severe tracheal collapse?
Which is the better option?

A
  • Butorphanol injectable (better)

- Oral hydrocodone

66
Q

What corticosteroid can be given at what single dose for its anti-inflammatory effects?

A
  • Dexamethasone

- 0.1 mg/kg IV

67
Q

A patient with acute severe tracheal collapse needs to be place in what type of environment as soon as possible?

A

Oxygen rich environment

68
Q

What is the duration of action of dexamethasone?

A

48 hours

69
Q

Which is more potent, dexamethasone or prednisone?

A

Dexamethasone

70
Q

What percentage of tracheal collapsing cases don’t respond to medical management?

A

30%

71
Q

T/F: If surgical intervention is need for a collapsing trachea, referring is recommended.

A

True

72
Q

What are 2 forms of surgical intervention for a collapsing trachea?

A
  • Extraluminal supports

- Endoluminal stenting

SAM 2 (9 decks)

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