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SAM 2 > Pleural Space Disorders > Flashcards

Pleural Space Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the signalment for pleural effusion and pneumothorax?

A

Cats and dogs of any age.

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2
Q

The lungs can’t expand normally with what 2 conditions?

A
  • Pleural effusion

- Pneumothorax

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3
Q

What are 2 common clinical signs seen with pleural effusion and pneumothorax?

A
  • Rapid shallow breathing in a restrictive breathing pattern

- Dyspnea with or without open mouth breathing

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4
Q

What are 4 possible clinical signs that can be seen with pleural effusion and pneumothorax?

A
  • Cyanosis
  • Exercise intolerance
  • Anorexia
  • Lethargy
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5
Q

How does pleural effusion and pneumothorax affect heart and lung sounds?

A
  • Muffled heart sounds

- Diminished and muffled lung sounds ventrally

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6
Q

How does pleural effusion affect dorsal lung sounds?

A

Increased dorsal lung sounds

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7
Q

How does pneumothorax affect dorsal lung sounds?

A

Decreased dorsal lung sounds

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8
Q

How does the chest appear with pneumothorax?

A

“Barrel-shaped” chest

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9
Q

Accumulation of excessive amounts of fluid within the pleural space is known as what?`

A

Pleural effusion

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10
Q

What are 4 types of pleural effusion?

A
  • Transudate
  • Modified transudate
  • Exudate
  • Hemorrhagic
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11
Q

If pleural effusion is suspected based on auscultation, what should be done right away?

A

Stabilize the patient

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12
Q

If pleural effusion is suspected based on auscultation which should be done first, radiography or thoracocentesis?

A

Thoracocentesis first

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13
Q

Where should a thoracocentesis be done?

A

7-8th ICS caudal to costochondral junction

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14
Q

What are 3 potential sources of pyothorax in cats?

A
  • Penetrating bite wounds
  • Oropharyngeal aspiration
  • Secondary to upper respiratory tract infection
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15
Q

What are 3 agents that can cause pyothorax in cats?

A
  • Pasteurella
  • Bacteroides
  • Fusobacterium
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16
Q

What are 3 potential sources of pyothorax in dogs?

A
  • Secondary to inhaled foreign body
  • Secondary to penetrating injury
  • Pneumonia
17
Q

What are 2 agents that can cause pyothorax in dogs?

A
  • Actinomyces

- Nocardia

18
Q

What can be seen on cytology with a pyothorax?

A

Degenerative neutrophils and bacteria

19
Q

What are 2 forms of treatment for pyothorax?

A
  • Drainage and lavage via thoracostomy tube (chest tube)

- Long term (months) antibiotics

20
Q

What could potentially cause chylothorax?

A

Any disease that increases systemic venous pressure.

21
Q

Accumulation of chyle in the pleural space is known as what?

A

Chylothorax

22
Q

What are 7 possible causes of chylothorax?

A
  • Trauma
  • Neoplasia
  • Cardiac disease
  • Thoracic duct lymphangiectasia
  • Lung lobe torsion
  • Inflammation
  • Idiopathic
23
Q

What percentage of chylothorax cases are idiopathic?

A

60-70%

24
Q

What can be seen on thoracocentesis with chylothorax?

A

White to pink opaque fluid that does not clear on centrifuge.

25
Q

What are 2 potential causes for the the type of fluid seen with chylothorax?

A
  • Lymphocytes

- Non-degenerative neutrophils

26
Q

What are 2 ways to diagnose chylothorax?

A
  • Fluid characteristics

- Triglycerides increase more in fluid than in serum

27
Q

What is the treatment for chylothorax?

A

Look for underlying cause and treat it.

28
Q

Always look for what in cats with chylothorax?

A

Underlying cardiomyopathy

29
Q

What are 4 possible treatments for the idiopathic form of chylothorax?

A
  • Low fat diet (RD)
  • Thoracic drainage via intermittent thoracocentesis
  • Rutin for 2 months
  • Ligation of thoracic duct
30
Q

What is a possible sequelae to chylothorax?

How does this appear on radiographs?

A
  • Restrictive fibrosing pleuritis

- Collapses ling lobes with rounded edges

31
Q

Air in the pleural space is known as what?

A

Pneumothorax

32
Q

What is the most common cause of pneumothorax?

A

Blunt force trauma

33
Q

Up to 1/5 of trauma cases have what?

A

Pneumothorax

34
Q

What are 4 signs of pneumothorax seen on radiographs?

A
  • Absence of vasculature to chest wall
  • Dorsal displacement of heart and trachea
  • Retraction of lung from chest wall
  • Increased density of collapsed lobe
35
Q

What are the 2 main causes of pneumothorax?

A
  • Traumatic

- Non-traumatic/spontaneous

36
Q

How is pneumothorax treated if patient is in respiratory distress?

A

Emergency thoracocentesis

37
Q

How is thoracocentesis for a pneumothorax different than that for pleural effusion?

A

Performed in the 9-10th intercostal space above the costochondral junction

38
Q

What should be done with a pneumothorax if air continues to accumulate or if pet needs multiple aspirations?

A

Place a chest tube to allow continuous evacuation.

39
Q

When should surgical intervention be performed with a pneumothorax?

A

If pneumothorax persists for more than 72 hours

SAM 2 (9 decks)

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