Respiratory

Question 1

Blood in ___________ in mucous membrane of nasal cavity regulates temperature of inhaled air.

Answer 1

venous plexuses

Question 2

3 components of the respiratory system

Answer 2

Conducting
Transitional
Exchange

Question 3

Consists exclusively of terminal bronchioles which are lined by:

1. ____________
2. _____________
3. ______________

Answer 3

1. Clara cells
2. Non-ciliated secretory cells
3. Only a few ciliated cells

Question 4

Healthy bronchioles do not have ______________

Answer 4

goblet cells

Question 5

Alveoli are lined by epithelial type I (____________) and type II ____________ .

Answer 5

membranous

pneumonocytes

Question 6

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi are mostly lined by __________________ epithelium with secretory ________ cells and _____________ cells

Answer 6

pseudostratified ciliated, columnar
goblet
submucosal serous

Question 7

Bone supported nasal cavity within skull divided by nasal cartilaginous septum into two halves: left and right. Each half has 3 regions:
A. ______________
B. ______________
C. _______________

Answer 7

A. Vestibular region
B. Respiratory region
C. Olfactory region

Question 8

The vestibular region is lined with __________________epithelium
.

Answer 8

stratified squamous keratinized

Question 9

_____________ the largest part of the nasal cavity is lined with ______________ epithelium with goblet cells. This combination of cells is known as the _______________, responsible for clearance

Answer 9

Respiratory region
pseudostratified columnar ciliated
Mucociliary apparatus

Question 10

Projections from the lateral wall ________________ narrow the lumen of the nasal cavity and increase the area of contact of inhaled air with respiratory mucous membrane, thus regulating the quality and quantity of inhaled air

Answer 10

CONCHAE TURBINATES

Question 11

____________ granules from goblet cells, and the movement of _______ constitute a cleaning apparatus of the upper respiratory passages.

Answer 11

Mucinogen granules

cilia

Question 12

Normally only present along the airways to the level of the large bronchioles, ___________ increase in numbers (aka ___________) in smokers as a reaction to injury.

Answer 12

goblet cells

aka hyperplasia

Question 13

________ is a reaction to injury resulting in a change from ciliated stratified epithelium to squamous stratified epithelium

Answer 13

Metaplasia

Question 14

Ciliated epithelial cells have ___________ on the tips of the cilia, and beat in unison. Cells are connected by __________. Dysfunction caused Immotile cilia syndrome ( aka ____________ syndrome)

Answer 14

‘claws’ of dynein
gap junctions
Kartagener’s Syndrome

Question 15

The third region, or _________ region is lined with ______________, much thicker than respiratory epithelium, and lacks ______________

Answer 15

olfactory region
olfactory epithelium
goblet cells.

Question 16

3 cells of olfactory epithelium and their function

Answer 16

olfactory neurons - olfaction (smell)
sustentacular cells - supporting
basal cells - stem cells

Question 17

Lamina propria of the olfactory region contains_____________ glands and nonmyelinated axons of olfactory neurons form nerve bundles aka _______

Answer 17

serous olfactory

cranial nerve I

Question 18

Both olfactory and respiratory regions are rich in __________, known as ______________ -which are distended with blood

Answer 18

venous plexuses

SWELL BODIES

Question 19

The _____________ is the first stage of the accessory olfactory system and contains sensory neurons that detect chemical stimuli and pheromones

Answer 19

Vomeronasal organ

Question 20

Initial part of the larynx is lined by __________________. After the vocal chords the lining changes to ___________________ epithelium, which continues into the trachea.

Answer 20

stratified squamous epithelium

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Question 21

Trachea is composed of rings of _________ cartilage, which are incomplete dorsally.

Answer 21

hyaline

Question 22

Trachea branches into 2 _______ .

Answer 22

bronchi

Question 23

In the bronchus _____________ surrounds the lamina propria followed externally by connective tissue containing ________________ and plates of _________________.

Answer 23

smooth muscle
mixed bronchial glands
hyaline cartilage

Question 24

Mixed seromucous glands of the bronchus secrete _______ , _________, and __________ (bacteriostatic/cidal).

Answer 24

mucin, lactoferrin, and lysozyme

Question 25

Bronchi branch into ___________ that lack ________ and ________, and are subdivided into: 1. _____________ 2. _____________

Answer 25

bronchioles cartilage and glands 1. terminal bronchioles 2. respiratory bronchioles

Question 26

Terminal bronchioles are lined by _____________ cells with few to no ___________. However a ____________ is still present.

Answer 26

ciliated cuboidal goblet cells muscularis mucosae

Question 27

___________ cells: - Bulge at surface - Source of surfactant-like substance which aids in maintaining patency of airway - Metabolize airborne toxins, may have immune function - located in _________ and _______________.

Answer 27

Clara cells | Located in terminal and respiratory bronchioles

Question 28

Respiratory bronchioles are lined by _____________ which becomes flattened distally. Have incomplete __________, and are subdivided into ____________.

Answer 28

ciliated cuboidal epithelium muscularis mucosae alveolar ducts

Question 29

Alveolar ducts are part of the exchange system and they empty into _____________ and __________.

Answer 29

alveolar sacs | alveoli

Question 30

The walls of alveolar ducts are composed entirely of alveoli lined with _______________cells. The edge surrounding the opening of each alveoli of an alveolar duct contains __________ cells.

Answer 30

simple squamous epithelial | smooth muscle

Question 31

2 distinct cells lining alveoli are ____________ and ______________.

Answer 31

Pneumocytes type I and pneumocytes type II

Question 32

Pulmonary edema is when the ___________ become filled with a proteinaceous fluid

Answer 32

alveolar spaces

Question 33

Neighboring alveoli connect with each other via pores, providing _____________ and collateral __________ if a bronchiole is obstructed. Also allow ___________ passage from one alveolus to another.

Answer 33

equalization of pressure ventilation macrophage

Question 34

An alveolar macrophage (or _________) is a monocyte derivative found in the pulmonary alveolus, near the pneumocytes, but separated from the wall. They clean off particles such as dust or microorganisms.

Answer 34

dust cell

Question 35

COLLAGEN TYPE III is present in the ____________ | COLLAGEN TYPE I is present in the ____________

Answer 35

alveolar wall | conducting airways

Question 36

Along with collagen, the fibroblasts in the alveolar septum may also produce __________.

Answer 36

elastic fibers

Question 37

_______________ cells compose 95% of alveolar surface area, and form the ___________. These cells are extremely thin, and have _____________ to prevent fluid passage

Answer 37

Pneumocyte Type I alveolar wall occluding junctions

Question 38

Pneumocyte type I is a __________ pneumocyte

Answer 38

membranous

Question 39

Pneumocyte type II, also known as a __________________ cell, produces granules of __________ via _______ bodies.

Answer 39

granular alveolar type II cell surfactant lamellar bodies

Question 40

Pneumocyte type II aka granular pneumocyte, aka ______________.

Answer 40

great alveolar cell

Question 41

Surfactant functions to ___________, reducing effort needed to inflate alveoli, thus preventing alveolar collapse (known as __________)

Answer 41

reduce surface tension | Atelectasis

Question 42

__________ stimulates production of surfactant in fetus just prior to parturition. Absence of surfactant in newborns is know as __________________.

Answer 42

Cortisol | Hyaline Membrane Disease

Question 43

What are the 6 obstacles oxygen must cross in the blood-air barrier?

Answer 43

1. surfactant 2. Cytoplasm of type I alveolar cell 3. Basal Lamina of type I cell 4. Basal Lamina of endothelial cell 5. cytoplasm of endothelial cell 6. capillary RBC's

Question 44

Alveolar Macrophages (“____”)

Answer 44

PAMs

Question 45

Intravascular Macrophages (“____”)

Answer 45

PIMs

Question 46

Capillaries in the pulmonary vessels are the ____________ type.

Answer 46

continuous

Question 47

True or false: | Lymphatic vessels are found in the alveolar walls.

Answer 47

False: | Lymphatic vessels are found as far as the alveolar ducts but not in the alveolar walls.

Question 48

The mediastinal and visceral pleura covering the entire surfaces of the lungs is composed of simple squamous epithelial cells also known as _____________.

Answer 48

mesothelial cells.