Respiratory Flashcards
Blood in ___________ in mucous membrane of nasal cavity regulates temperature of inhaled air.
venous plexuses
3 components of the respiratory system
Conducting
Transitional
Exchange
Consists exclusively of terminal bronchioles which are lined by:
- ____________
- _____________
- ______________
- Clara cells
- Non-ciliated secretory cells
- Only a few ciliated cells
Healthy bronchioles do not have ______________
goblet cells
Alveoli are lined by epithelial type I (____________) and type II ____________ .
membranous
pneumonocytes
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi are mostly lined by __________________ epithelium with secretory ________ cells and _____________ cells
pseudostratified ciliated, columnar
goblet
submucosal serous
Bone supported nasal cavity within skull divided by nasal cartilaginous septum into two halves: left and right. Each half has 3 regions:
A. ______________
B. ______________
C. _______________
A. Vestibular region
B. Respiratory region
C. Olfactory region
The vestibular region is lined with __________________epithelium
.
stratified squamous keratinized
_____________ the largest part of the nasal cavity is lined with ______________ epithelium with goblet cells. This combination of cells is known as the _______________, responsible for clearance
Respiratory region
pseudostratified columnar ciliated
Mucociliary apparatus
Projections from the lateral wall ________________ narrow the lumen of the nasal cavity and increase the area of contact of inhaled air with respiratory mucous membrane, thus regulating the quality and quantity of inhaled air
CONCHAE TURBINATES
____________ granules from goblet cells, and the movement of _______ constitute a cleaning apparatus of the upper respiratory passages.
Mucinogen granules
cilia
Normally only present along the airways to the level of the large bronchioles, ___________ increase in numbers (aka ___________) in smokers as a reaction to injury.
goblet cells
aka hyperplasia
________ is a reaction to injury resulting in a change from ciliated stratified epithelium to squamous stratified epithelium
Metaplasia
Ciliated epithelial cells have ___________ on the tips of the cilia, and beat in unison. Cells are connected by __________. Dysfunction caused Immotile cilia syndrome ( aka ____________ syndrome)
‘claws’ of dynein
gap junctions
Kartagener’s Syndrome
The third region, or _________ region is lined with ______________, much thicker than respiratory epithelium, and lacks ______________
olfactory region
olfactory epithelium
goblet cells.
3 cells of olfactory epithelium and their function
olfactory neurons - olfaction (smell)
sustentacular cells - supporting
basal cells - stem cells
Lamina propria of the olfactory region contains_____________ glands and nonmyelinated axons of olfactory neurons form nerve bundles aka _______
serous olfactory
cranial nerve I
Both olfactory and respiratory regions are rich in __________, known as ______________ -which are distended with blood
venous plexuses
SWELL BODIES
The _____________ is the first stage of the accessory olfactory system and contains sensory neurons that detect chemical stimuli and pheromones
Vomeronasal organ
Initial part of the larynx is lined by __________________. After the vocal chords the lining changes to ___________________ epithelium, which continues into the trachea.
stratified squamous epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Trachea is composed of rings of _________ cartilage, which are incomplete dorsally.
hyaline
Trachea branches into 2 _______ .
bronchi
In the bronchus _____________ surrounds the lamina propria followed externally by connective tissue containing ________________ and plates of _________________.
smooth muscle
mixed bronchial glands
hyaline cartilage
Mixed seromucous glands of the bronchus secrete _______ , _________, and __________ (bacteriostatic/cidal).
mucin, lactoferrin, and lysozyme
Bronchi branch into ___________ that lack ________ and ________, and are subdivided into:
- _____________
- _____________
bronchioles
cartilage and glands
1. terminal bronchioles
2. respiratory bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles are lined by _____________ cells with few to no ___________. However a ____________ is still present.
ciliated cuboidal
goblet cells
muscularis mucosae
___________ cells:
- Bulge at surface
- Source of surfactant-like substance which aids in maintaining patency of airway
- Metabolize airborne toxins, may have immune function
- located in _________ and _______________.
Clara cells
Located in terminal and respiratory bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles are lined by _____________ which becomes flattened distally. Have incomplete __________, and are subdivided into ____________.
ciliated cuboidal epithelium
muscularis mucosae
alveolar ducts
Alveolar ducts are part of the exchange system and they empty into _____________ and __________.
alveolar sacs
alveoli
The walls of alveolar ducts are composed entirely of alveoli lined with _______________cells. The edge surrounding the opening of each alveoli of an alveolar duct contains __________ cells.
simple squamous epithelial
smooth muscle
2 distinct cells lining alveoli are ____________ and ______________.
Pneumocytes type I and pneumocytes type II
Pulmonary edema is when the ___________ become filled with a proteinaceous fluid
alveolar spaces
Neighboring alveoli connect with each other via pores, providing _____________ and collateral __________ if a bronchiole is obstructed.
Also allow ___________
passage from one alveolus to
another.
equalization of pressure
ventilation
macrophage
An alveolar macrophage (or _________) is a monocyte derivative found in the pulmonary alveolus, near the pneumocytes, but separated from the wall. They clean off particles such as dust or microorganisms.
dust cell
COLLAGEN TYPE III is present in the ____________
COLLAGEN TYPE I is present in the ____________
alveolar wall
conducting airways
Along with collagen, the fibroblasts in the alveolar septum may also produce __________.
elastic fibers
_______________ cells compose 95% of alveolar surface area, and form the ___________. These cells are extremely thin, and have _____________ to prevent fluid passage
Pneumocyte Type I
alveolar wall
occluding junctions
Pneumocyte type I is a __________ pneumocyte
membranous
Pneumocyte type II, also known as a __________________ cell, produces granules of __________ via _______ bodies.
granular alveolar type II cell
surfactant
lamellar bodies
Pneumocyte type II aka granular pneumocyte, aka ______________.
great alveolar cell
Surfactant functions to ___________, reducing effort needed to inflate alveoli, thus preventing alveolar collapse (known as __________)
reduce surface tension
Atelectasis
__________ stimulates production of surfactant in fetus just prior to parturition.
Absence of surfactant in newborns is know as __________________.
Cortisol
Hyaline Membrane Disease
What are the 6 obstacles oxygen must cross in the blood-air barrier?
- surfactant
- Cytoplasm of type I alveolar cell
- Basal Lamina of type I cell
- Basal Lamina of endothelial cell
- cytoplasm of endothelial cell
- capillary RBC’s
Alveolar Macrophages (“____”)
PAMs
Intravascular Macrophages (“____”)
PIMs
Capillaries in the pulmonary vessels are the ____________ type.
continuous
True or false:
Lymphatic vessels are found in the alveolar walls.
False:
Lymphatic vessels are found as far as the alveolar ducts but not in the alveolar walls.
The mediastinal and visceral pleura covering the entire surfaces of the lungs is composed of simple squamous epithelial cells also known as _____________.
mesothelial cells.
