Early Embryonic Development Flashcards

1
Q

teratogen

A

any agent, or factor that can cause congenital anomalies in an embryo or fetus

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2
Q

multipotent

A

can develop into more than one cell type

more limited than pluripotent cells

adult stem cells

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3
Q

totipotent

A

can form all the cell types in a body, plus the placental cells

Embryonic cells within the first couple of cell divisions after fertilization are the only ones

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4
Q

pluripotent

A

can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body

embryonic stem cells

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5
Q

unipotent

A

one stem cell has the capacity to differentiate into only one cell type

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6
Q

What is migration?

Why is it important?

A

movement of cells in particular directions to specific locations

development and maintenance of organism

  • embryonic tissue formation
  • wound healing
  • immune responses
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7
Q

differentiation

A

unspecialized embryonic cell acquires features of a specialized cell i.e. heart, liver, or muscle cell

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8
Q

Characteristics of mesenchymal tissue.

Develops into…

A

lack of polarity causes loosely associated cells creating a large extracellular matrix

Develops into connective, lymphatic and circulatory tissue

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9
Q

What are the teratogenic influences on the 3 stages of development

A

Predifferentiation - Death of embryo

Organogenesis - Structural defects (embryonic period)

Fetal growth - Affects functional maturation

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10
Q

What is a zygote?

Where does it divide?

What are the resulting cells called?

A

fertilized egg cell

Divisions (cleavage) occur in uterine tube

resulting cells are called blastomeres

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11
Q

Morula

A

16 cells, ‘mulberry’

late morula has 32 cells

zona pellucida still intact

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12
Q

What are the two parts of the blastocyst, and what do they end up forming?

A

outer cell mass (trophoblast) - will form part of placental membranes

inner cell mass (embryoblast) - will form entire embryo
through a bilaminar disc of epiblast and hypoblast

zona pellucida is shed shortly

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13
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

single-layered blastula turns into trilaminar (“three-layered”) gastrula

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14
Q

primitive streak

A

invagination in epiblast layer

will establish bilateral symmetry and initiate germ layer formation

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15
Q

notocord

A

Signaling structure for neural tube formation

formed from group of cells migrating through primitive node and down midline ventral epiblast

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16
Q

neuralization

A

notochord signals the ectoderm to form the neural plate

neural plate folds to form the neural tube, which will eventually form the CNS

17
Q

somite

A

part of paraxial mesoderm that gives rise to the vertebrae of the spine, rib cage, skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons, and skin

18
Q

What does the somite give rise to?

A

dermatomes

myotomes - skeletal muscle

sclerotomes - tendons, cartilage and bone

19
Q

Ectoderm - precursor for…

A

epidermal structures (skin)

lining of oral & nasal cavity, and anus

nervous system

20
Q

Mesoderm - precursor for…

A

M - Muscle tissue

E - Endothelium and Mesothelium

S - Connective tissues & Cardiovascular system

O - Urogenital tract

21
Q

Endoderm - precursor for…

A

E - Epithelial structures:

N - Lining & glands of

D - Digestive and

O - (O2) - Respiratory systems