Digestive System Flashcards
Enamel produced by tall columnar cells called….
ameloblasts
dentin produced by…
odontoblasts
cementum produced by
cementoblasts
tooth pulp composed of
loose CT and nerve
in the tooth fibroblasts form the
periodontal ligament
4 coats/tunics of digestive organs
Mucosa
Submucosa (+/-)
Muscularis
Serosa
What 3 sections is the mucosa broken up into?
Inner epithelium
Middle lamina propria
Thin outer muscularis mucosae
The _____________ is a thin layer of loose connective tissue, or dense irregular connective tissue, which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa.
lamina propria
The ____________ is a thin layer of muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, located outside the ___________ and separating it from the submucosa.
lamina muscularis mucosae
lamina propria
____________ is a serous membrane: peritoneum, pleura
Always lined by MESOTHELIUM
Tunica Serosa
This layer has looser connective tissue than in lamina propria, facilitates motility of the mucosa, and may contain glands, vessels, a nerve plexus, and lymphatic nodules
Tunica submucosa
The _____________ (or ___________) provides motor innervation to both layers of the _____________, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input.
myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) tunica muscularis
The enteric plexus control the _______ and _____________ of the organ
glands and smooth muscle
T. Serosa = ____________ + loose connective tissue +/- adipose tissue
MESOTHELIUM
T. Adventitia =________________ only
loose/dense
connective tissue
The_____________ is continuous with mesentery, omentum, pleura.
tunica serosa
Most of the esophagus has an outer layer of tunica adventitia composed of ______ connective tissue without mesothelium.
loose
Mucous membrane in stomach can be non-glandular or ___________ or glandular lined by ____________________
cutaneous
simple columnar epithelium
junction between glandular and non-glandular stomach in equine
margo plicatus
Increased surface with stratified squamous epithelium with ______________ enhance passive absorption of Volatile Fatty Acids in rumen.
desmosomes
The reticulum’s proventricles are lined with _________________epithelium
Stratified
Squamous keratinized
______________ are invaginations of the lining epithelium in the stomach
Gastric pits
The ___________ regiona of the stomach is composed mostly of mucous glands
Cardiac region
The _________ region is composed mainly of proper gastric glands (________ and ________ cells)
Fundic
parietal and chief
Cardiac Gland Region - near esophageal stomach junction composed mainly of ___________ and few parietal cells
mucous glands
What type of cells are in the gastric pits of the fundic region, and what do they secrete?
parietal (secrete hydrochloric acid)
chief cells/peptic (produce pepsinogen)
Pyloric Region has _______ glands and _____ cells that produce the GI hormone _______
mucous
G cells
gastrin
CHIEF/ PEPTIC cells are _____philic, secrete _____________ in adult, and ___________ (also known as rennin in ruminants) in infants (function is to curdle the milk).
This allows further digestion along the intestine.
basophilic
PEPSINOGEN
CHYMOSIN
PARIETAL cells are_____philic, secrete _____ and _______ needed for vitamin B12 absorption vitamin
HCl and intrinsic factor
These cells are large, round,
have an extensive eosinophilic (acidophilic) cytoplasm
and centrally located nucleus.
Parietal cells
______ cells, also called ______ cells, and zymogenic cells are basophilic (blue) with granular
cytoplasm and dense basally located nuclei.
Chief cells
peptic cells
A _________ is a glandular, modified simple columnar epithelial cell whose function is to secrete gel-forming mucins, the major components of mucus. More numerous further down the GI tract starting in the small intestines.
goblet cell
________ X _______ X _________ = Increased absorptive area
Plica circularis X Villi X Microvilli
Villi are confined to the small
intestine. At the base of the villi are the ______________, corresponding to invaginations of the lining epithelium.
crypts of Lieberkühn
___________ (or duodenal glands) are compound tubular submucosal glands found in the duodenum. The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate)
Brunner’s glands
________ are blind-ended lymphatic vessels in intestinal villi. The ______ found in
these structures is filtered through intestinal lymph nodes before ultimately reentering the blood at the jugular veins
Lacteals
chyle
___________ are aggregations of lymphoid nodules present in the lamina propria and submucosa of the small intestine.
Seen in distal _______
and ______, but varies
according to species.
Peyer’s patches
jejunum
ileum
Absorptive cells in intestinal epithelium
enterocytes
__________ are found throughout the small intestine just below the crypts of Lieberkühn with large eosinophilic refractile granules that consist of several anti-microbial compounds and other compounds that are known to be important in immunity and host-defense
Paneth cells
____________ also known as ___________ and/or argentaffin; primarily localized in crypts, produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic effect.
Enteroendocrine cells
enterochromaffin
Pigs and horses have flat bands called __________, composed of smooth muscle and elastic
fibers
taenia coli
The ____________ has both villi and intestinal glands also
known as crypts of Lieberkühn
Small intestine
The___________ there are no villi, surface is smooth, only
crypts of Lieberkühn are present
Large intestine
The __________ has Brunner’s glands in tunica submucosa
Duodenum
________________are present in pigs and dogs. These glands are located in the submucosa and muscularis of the anal canal
Tubuloacinar anal glands
Present in the subcutis around the anus in dogs. Composed of sebaceous glands in the upper portion and nonsebaceous glands in the lower portion
circumanal glands
Major salivary glands:
parotid
sublingual
submandibular
Minor are intramural:
lingual palatal labial buccal zygomatic (carnivores) molar (cats)
Predominantly mucous secreting gland
salivary gland
_____________ is the functional unit in salivary glands, and are secretory subunits of lobules. They consist of all the secretory cells that release their products into a single _____________.
Adenomere
intralobular duct
Liver sinusoids have a unique ___________
DUAL BLOOD SUPPLY
Each lobe of the liver is covered by __________ located over a connective tissue layer, known as the _____________________
mesothelium
capsule of Glisson
_______ is an exocrine secretion of the liver; important in the digestion of lipids
Bile
What are the 2 poles of a hepatocyte
bile pole
vascular pole
____________ is a thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes. These merge and form bile ductules, which eventually become common hepatic duct.
Bile canaliculus
Fenestrated capillary (without diaphragms, do not have basal lamina): Proteins synthesized by liver cells need to get into the blood via the ___________
Hepatic sinusoid
The ________________ is a location in the liver between a hepatocyte and a sinusoid. It contains the blood plasma. Microvilli of hepatocytes extend into this space, allowing proteins and other plasma components from the sinusoids to be absorbed by the hepatocytes
space of disse
Lipids and carbohydrates are stored in the liver in the form of __________ and ____________
triglycerides
glycogen
Liver macrophages
Kupffer cells
__________ is a componant of the hepatic lobule and consists of a branch of the hepatic artery, branch of the portal vein, and bile ductules are seen at the edges
portal triads
The __________ is the functional unit of the liver and is roughly divided into zones that correspond to distance from the _________________.
hepatic acinus
arterial blood supply
Pancreas resembles a serous salivary parotid gland, from which it differs in that:
- ____________________
- _____________________
- ______________________
- Pancreas has no striated ducts
- The duct system in pancreas is less developed
- Pancreas has endocrine pancreatic islets of Langerhans.
_____________, the secretory cell of the pancreas, contains _______________ granules
Pancreatic Acinar Cell
orange zymogen granules
What is the endocrine cell of the pancrease?
Islet of Langerhans
