Respiratory Flashcards
used to administer low to moderate concentrations of oxygen.
-cannot be used for controlled oxygen concentrations
simple masks
these masks have a reservoir bag that must remain inflated during both inspiration and expiration.
- the nurse adjusts the oxygen flow to ensure the bag does not collapse.
- High concentration of oxygen
partial rebreathing masks
similar to a partial rebreathing mask except that they have additional valves.
-High flow oxygen
nonrebreather mask
a high flow system that provides low levels of supplemental oxygen.
- Ideal for COPD patient
- must remove to eat
venturi mask
connects to the endotracheal tube and is useful in weaning patients from mechanical ventilation.
T-piece
refers to closure or collapse of the alveoli.
Tachypnea, dyspnea, and mild to moderate hypoexmia are the hallmarks.
atelectasis
inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses
pneumonia
occurs when thick, purulent fluid accumulates within the pleural space, often with fibrin development and a walled off area where the infection is located.
Requires 4-6 weeks of antibiotics and sometimes surgical management is required.
empyema
risk factors include:
- seizure activity
- brain injury
- decreased LOC
- Flat body positing
- stroke
- swallowing disorders
- Cardiac arrest
aspiration
an infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma. It may be transmitted to other parts of the body including the meninges, kidneys, bones, and lymph nodes.
tuberculosis
This set is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent away that detects the release of interferon-gamma by WBC’s when the blood of a patient with TB in incubated with peptides similar to those of TB.
-Results are available within less than 24 hr.
Quantiferon-TB gold test
a collection of fluid in the pleural space.
assessment reveals decreased or absent breath sounds, decreased fremitius and dull flat percussion sounds
pleural effusion
a sudden and life threatening deterioration of the gas exchange function of the lung and indicates failure of the lungs to provide adequate oxygenation or ventilation for the blood.
acute respiratory failure
characterized by a severe inflammatory process causing diffuse alveolar damage that results in sudden and progressive pulmonary edema, increasing bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray, hypoxemia unresponsive to oxygen supplementation regardless of the amount of PEEP and the absence of an elevated left arterial pressure.
ARDS
characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and secondary right heart ventricular failure. May be suspected in a Pt. with dyspnea with exertion without other symptoms. - clinical recognition is the only indicator.
Pulmonary hypertension
an obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by a thrombus.
Pulmonary embolism
occurs when the parietal or visceral pleura is breached and then pleural space is exposed to positive atmospheric pressure.
pneumothorax
occurs when air enters the pleural space through a breach of either the parietal or visceral pleura.
-Most commonly caused by a rupture of a bleb or a bronchopleural fistula.
simple pneumothorax
occurs from a wound in the chest wall. ex- rib fractures, gunshot wounds, thoracentesis, etc.
traumatic pneumothorax
occurs when air is pulled into the pleural space from a lacerated lung or a complication of other types of pneumothorax. The air becomes trapped and creates positive pressure
tension pneumothorax
This chamber of the chest tube collects drainage
the first
this chamber of the chest tube provides for the under water seal
second
controls the amount of suction
third
Patient with chest trauma is at risk for this.
It is when lung or air passages are injured and air enters the tissues planes and pass for some distance under the skin.
-The tissue crackles when palpated
subcutaneous emphysema
low pH low bicarb. It can be produced by a gain of hydrogen ion or a loss of bicarb
metabolic acidosis
signs include H/A, confusion, drowsiness, increased respiratory rate and depth, nausea, and vomiting.
metabolic acidosis
causes Peripheral vasodilation and decreased cardiac output
pH below 7
high pH high bicarb. Can be produced by a gain of bicarbonate or a loss of H+
Common cause is vomiting or gastric suctioning
Metabolic alkalosis
symptoms are tingling of fingers and toes, decreased calcium ionization, dizziness, hypertonic muscles, potassium decreases.
alkalosis
low pH high PaCO2(greater than 42)
Common cause emergency situations, such as acute pulmonary edema, aspiration of foreign object, atelectasis, pneumothorax, OD on sedatives, sleep apnea.
Respiratory acidosis
high pH low PaCO2.
Blowing off Co2 occurs in hyperventilation
respiratory alkalosis
a disease of the airways, that is defined as a presence of cough and sputum production for at least 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years.
chronic bronchitis
impaired oxygen and co2 exchange results from destruction of the walls of over distended alveoli.
emphysema
A complication of emphysema in terminal stages. It is right sided HF brought on by longterm high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries.
Cor pulmonale
measures the highest volume of airflow during a forced expiration
peak flow meter
The earliest sign of ARDS
air hunger, increased respiratory rate
breath sounds will be diminished or absent
pneumothorax
most characteristic sign is paradoxical breathing
flail chest
Each suctioning pass should be limited to
10 seconds
