CH 53 Kidney and Urinary function

Question 1

• Urine formation
• Excretion of waste products
• Regulation of electrolytes
• Regulation of acid-base balance
• Control of water balance
• Control of blood pressure
• Renal clearance
• REgulation of RBC production
• Synthesis of Vit. D to active form
• Secretion of prostaglandins
• Regulates calcium and phosphorus balance

Answer 1

functions of kidney

Question 2

Amount of cardiac output received by the kidneys

Answer 2

20-25%

Question 3

the tuft of capillaries forming the part of the nephron through which filtration occurs.

Answer 3

glomerulus

Question 4

Blood LEAVES the glomerulus through through this arteriole and flows back to the inferior vena cava.

Answer 4

efferent arteriole

Question 5

These are located in the renal parenchyma and are responsible for urine formation. If there are less than 20% of these are functioning then renal replacement therapy should be considered.

Answer 5

nephrons

Question 6

The usual capacity of the adult bladder, but it can distend.

Answer 6

400-500mL

Question 7

These substances are normally filtered by the glomerulus, reabsorbed by the tubules, and excreted in the urine.

Answer 7

Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, potassium, urea, creatnine, and uric acid

Question 8

these substances are reabsorbed in the blood so that neither are excreted in the urine.

Answer 8

amino acids and glucose

Question 9

Normal blood flow through the kidneys per minute

Answer 9

1,000-1,300 mL/min

Question 10

Blood goes INTO the glomerulus through this arteriole.

Answer 10

afferent

Question 11

A horomone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland in response to changes of the osmolarity of the blood. If there is decreased water intake blood osmolality tends to increase causing a release of ADH

Answer 11

ADH

Question 12

refers to the ratio of solute to water.

Answer 12

osmolarity

Question 13

The degree of dilation or concentration of the urine is measure in terms of this.

Answer 13

osmolality

Question 14

A hormone that is synthesized and released by the adrenal cortex. It regulates the amount of sodium volume excreted..
Increased levels means less sodium excreted.
-It is largely controlled by angiotensin II

Answer 14

aldosterone

Question 15

The two major functions performed by the kidneys to assist in acid-base balance.

Answer 15

1. To reabsorb and return to the body’s circulation any bicarb. from the urinary filtrate.
2. To excrete acid in the urine

Question 16

Two important buffers

Answer 16

Phosphate ions and ammonia(NH3)

Question 17

specialized vessels of the kidneys that monitor BP.

Answer 17

vasa recta

Question 18

the most powerful vasoconstrictor known which causes BP to increase

Answer 18

angiotensin II

Question 19

refers to the ability of the kidneys to clear solutes from the plasma.

Answer 19

Renal clearance

Question 20

This is done as the primary test of renal clearance used to evaluate how well the kidney performs excretory function.

Answer 20

24 hour urine collection

Question 21

an endogenous waste product of skeletal muscle that is filtered at the glomerulus, passed through the tubules with minimal change and excreted in the urine.

Answer 21

Creatnine

Question 22

the amount of plasma filtered through the glomeruli per unit of time.

Answer 22

GFR

Question 23

This is released by the kidneys when they detect a decrease in oxygen in renal blood flow. It stimulates RBC production

Answer 23

erythropoietin

Question 24

The kidneys are responsible for the final conversion of inactive vitamin D to its active form. Vit. D is necessary for maintaining calcium balance in the body

Answer 24

Vitamin D

Question 25

These are prostaglandins produced by the kidneys. They have a vasodilatory effect and are important in maintaining renal blood flow.

Answer 25

Prostaglandin E and prostacyclin

Question 26

This is the major waste product of the kidneys. It must be excreted through the urine otherwise it will accumulate in the tissues.

Answer 26

Urea

Question 27

The reservoir for urine. Filling and emptying are controlled by SNS and PNS and the detrusor muscle.

Answer 27

the bladder

Question 28

an expression of the degree of concentration of the urine that measures the density of a solution compared to the density of water which is 1.000. It is altered by the presence of blood, protein, and casts in the urine.

Answer 28

specific gravity

Question 29

• When fluid intake decrease specific gravity increases and vice versa.
• In patients with kidney disease the patient’s urine is said to have a fixed specific gravity( It does not fluctuate with fluid intake)

Answer 29

specific gravity

Question 30

This is the most accurate measurement of the kidney’s ability to dilute and concentrate urine. Normal serum osmolality is 200-300 mOsm/kg and normal URINE osmolality is 200-800 mOSm/kg for a 24 hour sample 300-900 mOsm/kg

Answer 30

Osmolality

Question 31

renal concentration test, creatinine clearance, and serum creatinine and BUN

Answer 31

Renal function tests

Question 32

what stimulates Renin?

Answer 32

low BP

remember renin raises

Question 33

stored in the liver

Answer 33

angiotensogen

Question 34

holds on to sodium and water gets rid of potassium. This is blocked in ACE inhibitors thats why they cause hyperkalemia

Answer 34

aldosterone