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Anaphy finals > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

functions to supply oxygen for the metabolic needs of the cells and to remove one of the waste materials of cellular metabolism, carbon dioxide.

A

respiratory system

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2
Q

respiratory system involves the processes of

A
  1. External respiration
    - absorption of O2 and removal of CO2 from the lungs
    1. Internal respiration
      • gaseous exchanges between the cells of the body and their fluid medium
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3
Q

Its is the - absorption of O2 and removal of CO2 from the lungs

A

External respiration

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4
Q

it is the gaseous exchanges between the cells of the body and their fluid medium

A

Internal respiration

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5
Q

Movement of air in and out of the respiratory system

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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6
Q

A. Conducting passages (dead spaces)
- for passage of air

A
  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi and their divisions
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7
Q
  • where absorption of O2 and removal of CO2 from the blood takes place.
A

Respiratory passages

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8
Q

(respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts,alveoli)

A

Lungs

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9
Q

External nose
Boundaries:

A

Superiorly– nasal and frontal bones
Laterally - maxillary bones
Inferiorly– plates of hyaline cartilage ( the lateral septal and alar cartilages)

The nasal cavity lies posterior to the external nose
- Anterior nares (nostrils)
- communication between nasal cavity and outside
- are separated by septum mobile nasi or columella\

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10
Q

Internal nose (Nasal Cavity)

A

Roof - ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone, frontal bone
Floor - Hard palate
Laterally - Conchae or turbinates
(Superior, middle, inferior) Which protrude medially forming grooves inferior to each conchae called meatus.
Medially - The nasal septum which is formed anteriorly by hyaline cartilage, and posteriorly by the vomer bone and perpendicular plate of ethmoid.

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11
Q

Recess and Meatuses

A

Superior Meatus
Middle Meatus
Inferior Meatus

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12
Q

Nasal Conchae

A

(1.Superior Concha
2. Middle Concha ) Parts of ethimoid*
3. Inferior Concha

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13
Q

PHARYNX

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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14
Q
  • soft palate to epiglottis
  • located behind the oral cavity
A

Oropharynx

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15
Q
  • located behind the larynx
A

Laryngopharynx

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16
Q
  • Extends 5 cm from the level of the 4th - 6th cervical vertebra
  • With 9 cartilages (3 paired, 3 unpared)
A

Larynx

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17
Q
  • Largest
  • Shield shaped; unpaired
  • With laryngeal prominence (Adam’s Apple): angulation formed from the union of 2 laminae
A

Thyroid Cartilage

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18
Q
  • Unpaired: signet ring shaped
A

Cricoid Cartilage

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19
Q
  • Unpaired: spoon or leaf- shaped
  • Found behind the tongue
  • Only elastic cartilage (the rest are hyaline)
A

Epiglottis

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20
Q

Vocal Cords

A

FALSE VOCAL CORDS (VESTIBULAR FOLD)
TRUE VOCAL CORDS (VOCAL FOLDS)

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21
Q

FALSE VOCAL CORDS

A

(VESTIBULAR FOLD)

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22
Q

TRUE VOCAL CORDS

A

(VOCAL FOLDS)

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23
Q
  • non-movable
  • surrounds the opening called rima vestibuli
A

FALSE VOCAL CORDS (VESTIBULAR FOLD)

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24
Q
  • movable
  • surrounds the opening called rima glottidis (the narrowest part of the adult larynx)
A

TRUE VOCAL CORDS (VOCAL FOLDS)

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25
Q
  • the trachea or “windpipe” is a cylindrical tube about 10-12 cm in length, 2.5 cm in
    diameter
  • 16-20 C-shaped cartilage
  • lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
  • C6 - T5
A

TRACHEA

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26
Q
  • Each primary bronchi divides into
A

3 right and 2 left

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27
Q
  • which supply the lobes of the lungs (superior, middle and inferior in the right lung; superior and inferior in the left)
A

Secondary lobar bronchi

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28
Q

in turn divides into tertiary, or segmental bronchi, each of which is distributed to a unit of the lung called a bronchopulmonary segment.

A

secondary bronchi

29
Q

continue to divide into successively smaller branches.

A

segmental bronchi

30
Q
  • Fine branches, now called?
  • enter basic units of the lung called lobules.
A

bronchioles

31
Q

The respiratory bronchioles open into __________ from which alveoli arise

A

alveolar ducts

32
Q

Each bronchiole divides upon entering a lobule into several ___________, each of which further subdivides into two or more respiratory bronchioles.

A

terminal bronchioles

33
Q

Respiratory Zones

A
  • RESPIRATORY bronchioles
    • branch into alveolar ducts—
      —> alveolar sacs——-
      —> alveoli
34
Q

RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE

A

a. Type I pneumocytes
b. Type II pneumocytes
c. Alveolar macrophages

35
Q
  • walls of alveoli composed of simple squamous epithelium.
A

a. Type I pneumocytes

36
Q
  • secretes surfactant
A

b. Type II pneumocytes

37
Q
  • dust cells, defense against inhaled dust, bacteria, and foreign particles
A

c. Alveolar macrophages

38
Q
  • soft, spongy, elastic organs, 0.5 kg each
  • essential organs of respiration
  • situated on either side of the heart and the mediastinal structures
39
Q

FEATURES OF THE RIGHT LUNG

A
  1. three lobes
    - superior, middle and inferior
  2. two fissures
    - horizontal and oblique
  3. shorter, wider and heavier as compared to left
  4. deeper diaphragmatic surface due to presence of liver
40
Q

FEATURES OF THE LEFT LUNG

A
  1. two lobes - superior and inferior
  2. one fissure - oblique only
  3. anterior border with cardiac notch
  4. lingula is present (tongue-like portion of the upper lobe between cardiac notch and oblique fissure)
41
Q
  • a serous membrane covering the lungs and made up of parietal and visceral layers.
  • between visceral and parietal layer is the pleural cavity which contains a small amount of serous fluid
  • the 2 layers are continuous at the root of the lungs
42
Q

MECHANISM OF BREATHING
PHASES OF BREATHING

A
  1. Inspiration/inhalation
  2. Expiration/exhalation
43
Q
  • air is flowing into the lungs, active phase
A

Inspiration/inhalation

44
Q
  • air is flowing out of the lung, passive phase
A

Expiration/exhalation

45
Q
  • Gases travel from area of high pressure to area of lower pressure
A

A. Pressure relationship in the Thoracic Cavity

46
Q

A. Pressure relationship in the Thoracic Cavity

A
  1. Intrapulmonary pressure
  2. Intrapleural/Intrathoracic pressure
47
Q
  • pressure inside the alveoli
A

Intrapulmonary pressure

48
Q
  • pressure in the pleural cavity
A

Intrapleural/Intrathoracic pressure

49
Q

Physical Factors Influencing Pulmonary ventilation

A
  1. Friction in the air passageways
  2. Lung compliance
  3. Surface tension of the alveolar fluid
50
Q

Friction in the air passageways

A
  • resistance
51
Q

Lung compliance

A
  • elasticity and flexibility
52
Q

Surface tension of the alveolar fluid

A

surfactant decreases surface tension

53
Q

Gas exchange in the body

A

A. External respiration: Pulmonary gas exchange
1. Partial pressure gradient and gas solubility
- CO2 and O2
2. Thickness of the respiratory membranes
3. Surface area- alveoli increase the surface area 140 meters
4. Ventilation- perfusion coupling

54
Q

GAS TRANSPORT

A

A. Oxygen
B. Carbon dioxide

55
Q

Oxygen

A
  1. Oxyhemoglobin- O2 and Hemoglobin- 97%
    1. Dissolved in plasma- 3%
56
Q

Carbon dioxide

A
  1. Dissolved in plasma- 7-10%
    1. Carbaminohemoglobin- 20-30%
    2. Bicarbonate (HCO3)- 60-70%
      Carbonic anhydrase
      CO2 + H2O_______________ HCO3 + H
      H2CO3 -> carbonic anhydrase-> HCO3 +H
57
Q

CONTROL OF RESPIRATION

A

A. Medullary Respiratory Centers
B. PONS Respiratory centers
C. Herring-Breuer Reflex

58
Q
  • responsible for the rhythm of breathing. Impulses travel to phrenic and intercostal nerve to diaphragm
A
  1. Dorsal respiratory group or inspiratory centers
59
Q

Medullary Respiratory Centers

A
  1. Dorsal respiratory group or inspiratory centers
  2. Ventral respiratory group/expiratory center
60
Q
  • contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons
  • during forceful breathing
A

Ventral respiratory group/expiratory center

61
Q
  • continuously sends inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory center of the medulla
  • sets duration of inspiration
A

Pneumotaxic center

62
Q

-provides inspiratory drive
-sends signals for inspiration for long & deep breaths
-controls intensity of breathing
-inhibited by stretch receptors or by pneumotaxic center
-increases tidal volume

A

Apneustic center

63
Q
  • Stretch receptors in the visceral pleura that transmit inhibitory signals to medullary inspiratory center
A

Herring-Breuer Reflex

64
Q
  • located in the medulla oblongata
  • sensitive to changes in blood CO2 and Ph
  • increase CO2 or hypercapnia- respiratory stimulant
A
  1. Central chemoreceptors
65
Q

PONS Respiratory centers

A
  1. Pneumotaxic center
  2. Apneustic center
66
Q

Chemical control of Respiration

A
  1. Central chemoreceptors
  2. Peripheral chemoreceptors
67
Q
  • located in the medulla oblongata
  • sensitive to changes in blood CO2 and Ph
  • increase CO2 or hypercapnia- respiratory stimulant
A

Central chemoreceptors

68
Q
  • carotid bodies
  • sensitive to changes in blood 02 levels
A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

69
Q
  • Increase of ventilation
  • Changes of blood pH, CO2 and O2
A

Effects of Exercise

Anaphy finals (5 decks)

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