Excretory

Question 1

• paired, reddish brown, retroperitoneal

Answer 1

Kidney

Question 2

Kidney coverings:

Answer 2

1. Renal capsule
2. perirenal fat (perinephric fat)
3. renal fascia (gerota’s fascia)
   - continuous with transversalis fascia
4. Pararenal (paranephric fat)

Question 3

Which kidney is lower?

Answer 3

Right

Question 4

Kidney 2 parts:

Answer 4

2 parts:
1. cortex
- outer

2. medulla
	- inner

Question 5

• union of major calyces

Answer 5

Pelvis

Question 6

• union of minor calyces

Answer 6

Major calyx

Question 7

• Structural and functional unit of the kidney
• 1 million nephron each kidney

Answer 7

Nephron

Question 8

Nephron Consist of the ff:

Answer 8

1. glomerulus
2. bowman’s capsule
3. Proximal convoluted tubule
4. Loop of henle
5. Distal convoluted tubule

Question 9

Bowman’s capsule

Answer 9

1.Inner visceral layer
2. Parietal layer

Question 10

• composed of podocytes, octopus like that terminates in branching pedicles (Bowman’s capsule)

Answer 10

Inner visceral layer

Question 11

simple squamous epithelium (Bowman’s capsule)

Answer 11

Parietal layer

Question 12

Glomerulus plus bowman’s capsule
Juxtaglomerular apparatus- consist of the ff:
1. JG cells
2. Macula densa
3. Mesangial cell

Answer 12

Renal(Malphigian) corpuscle

Question 13

Juxtaglomerular apparatus- consist of the ff:

Answer 13

1. JG cells
2. Macula densa
3. Mesangial cell

Question 14

Mechanism of urine formation

Answer 14

1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion

Question 15

• Acts as a filter
• 1/5 ofblood flowing through the kidneys is filtered from the glomeruli
• Through filtration membrane

Answer 15

Glomerular filtration

Question 16

Pressures acting on the Glomerulus

Answer 16

1. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
2. Glomerular osmotic pressure
3. Capsular hydrostatic pressure

Question 17

• a force that push the water and solutes across the filtration membrane (Pressures acting on the Glomerulus)

Answer 17

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Question 18

• opposes filtration, hold the fluid inside the glomerulus exerted by plasma protein (Pressures acting on the Glomerulus)

Answer 18

Glomerular osmotic pressure

Question 19

• opposes filtration, force exerted by the fluid inside the bowman’s capsule (Pressures acting on the Glomerulus)

Answer 19

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

Question 20

• Force responsible for filtrate formation

Answer 20

Net Filtration Pressure

Question 21

NFP=

Answer 21

glomerular hydrostatic pressure- (glomerular oncotic pressure + capsular hydrostatic pressure)

Question 22

• Refers to the amount of filtrate formed per minute time
• Equal to 125ml/min
• Directly proportional to the net filtration pressure

Answer 22

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Question 23

• The process of returning needed subts from the filtrate to the capillary blood
• Active or passivedepending on a particular substance
• PCT is the most active 80% of filtrate, nutrients water and Na, the bulk actively transported ions are reabsorbed here
• Reabsoption in DCT tubule and collecting duct is controlled by Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone

Answer 23

Tubular reabsortion

Question 24

• adding substance to the filtrate from blood or tubular cells
• Can be active or passive
• Important in eliminating urea, excess ions , drugs, and maintaining acid base balance

Answer 24

Tubular secretion

Question 25

Urine osmolarity ranges from ____________

Answer 25

50-1200mosm

Question 26

In the absence of ADH, urine becomes _____________

Answer 26

diluted

Question 27

When Blood ADH increases the permeability of DCT and collecting duct to water _____________

Answer 27

increases

Question 28

_____________of the medullary fluid ensures that the urine reaching the DCT is hypo-osmolar

Answer 28

Hyperosmolarity

Question 29

- The rate at which the kidneys clear the plasma for a particular solute

Answer 29

Renal Clearance

Question 30

- 10 inches long muscular tube - 3 anatomical constrictions: 1. at the uretero-pelvic junction 2. where iliac vessels cross the ureter 3. where it joins the urinary bladder

Answer 30

Ureter

Question 31

- 3 anatomical constrictions of ureter

Answer 31

1. at the uretero-pelvic junction 2. where iliac vessels cross the ureter 3. where it joins the urinary bladder

Question 32

- Hollow muscular organ - Wall consist of detrussor muscle - Inner- trigone occupied by ureteral orifices and urethral orifice

Answer 32

Urinary bladder

Question 33

Male urethra

Answer 33

a. prostatic b. membranous c. penile

Question 34

- widest, most dilatable (Male urethra)

Answer 34

prostatic

Question 35

- traverses urogenital diaphragm, shortest and least dilatable (Male urethra)

Answer 35

membranous

Question 36

- longest, traverses corpus spongiosum (Male urethra)

Answer 36

penile

Question 37

- 4 cm - opens into vestibule

Answer 37

Female urethra