Respiratory Flashcards
4 layers of the trachea:
1) mucosa= inner most- pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
2) submucosa= loose areolar connective tissue
3) hyaline cartilage= incomplete cartiliage rings
4) adventita- connective tissue outer layer
Trachea divides into 2 primary bronchi. These feed into:
the L or R lung
as bronchioles get smaller:
epithelium changes
e.g., primary secondary and tertiary bronchi= pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells, large bronchioles= simple ciliated with some goblet cells, smaller bronchioles= simple ciliated with few goblet cells, terminal bronchioles= simple cuboidal
As you travel further away from trachea the smooth muscle coverings change from rings to:
plates
lungs sit within the:
thoracic cavity
the inside of the lungs are lined with:
parietal pleura
Alveoli quantity and surface area coverage:
300 million, SA= 70m2
The pleural cavity sits within the pleural membranes of the lungs. It is:
serous and lubricating to allow for inflation + deflation
conducting zone is AKA as:
respiratory zone
In regards to alveoli, what type of cell are present on the inner surface and why?
Macrophages. No cilia or mucous to clean. If there were cilia or mucous, the alveoli would be too thick which would= poor diffusion.
Structure of alveoli:
T2 cells: Simple squamous epithelial cells
How thick is the alveolar and capillary wall?
0.5um
Type 2 cells function and composition:
are septal cells. they secrete alveolar fluid= surfactant= reduce H+ bonds
small, cuboidal, microvilli
Pulmonary ventilation follows which law? What is the law? What circumstances are required t breathe in- low or high pressure?
Boyle’s Law. inversely proportional.
- reduce vol= increase pressure
- increase vol= decrease pressure
Breathe in: decrease pressure to allow for increased volume for aspiration
What muscle contributes 25% to ventilation?
external intercostals- raise and widen ribs
What muscle contributes 75% to ventilation?
The diaphragm- flattens around 1cm during quiet breathing and around 10cm during strenuous breathing
Muscles of inhalation:
diaphragm, external intercostals
Muscles of exhalation:
internal intercostals, oblique, abdominis
what is intrapleural pressure?
the pressure in the pleural cavity
which alveoli receive more air: apex, middle or base? Why?
base- due to gravity= more blood flow to lower sections of the lungs
What 3 components make up the respiratory zone?
1) respiratory bronchioles
2) alveolar ducts/sacs
3) alveoli
V/Q in middle of the lung
1
V/Q in apex of lung
2.1 = favours ventilation
V/Q in base of lung
0.3 = favours perfussion
Classification and description of: Pulmonary Fibrosis
Restrictive Pulmonary Disorder
- Scarring of lung tissue = reduced compliance
- cause: autoimmune disorders , tuberculosis, asbestosis, silicosis
Classification and description of: Pulmonary Oedema
Restrictive Pulmonary Disorder
- congestive heart failure
- Left ventricle / AV valve = leaky
- causes blood to back-up on Left side of heart due to inability to pump into systemic system
- increase pressure in pulmonary blood forces fluid out= increase in alveoli fluid
Classification and description of: Asthma
Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder
- chronic inflammation of bronchial tubes due to allergy
- bronchospasm, increased mucous, decreased lumen diameter = airway obstruction
Classification and description of: Chronic Bronchitis
Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder
- similar to asthma, only it is caused by inflammation not an allergy
- bronchospasm, increased mucous, decreased lumen diameter = airway obstruction
Classification and description of: Emphysema
Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder
- degrades alveolar wall = large air space = inhiits new O2 rich air from entering lungs= hypoxia
In terms if airway modulators, AcH binds to …. and will:
muscarinic, bronchoconstrict
In terms if airway modulators, Adrenaline bind to the two receptors ….. and will:
B adrenergic and sympathomimetics, bronchodilate
e.g., during asthma attack: a sympathomimetic is albuterol/salmetrol
high hydrogen concentration= high or low acidity? high or low pH?
high acidity and low pH.
vice versa
What pH= homeostasis
7.35-7.45
acidosis occurs at what pH? What is the cause + effect of acidosis?
a pH below 7.35
- cause= reduced synaptic transmission
- pH below 7= disorientation
- adverse scenario= coma or death
alkalosis occurs at what pH? What is the cause + effect of alkalosis?
A pH ABOVE 7.45
- cause= overexcitement of CN &PNS
- nervousness, muscle spasms, convulsions, death
hyperventilation removes too much CO2. This will cause respiratory …….
alkalosis
reduced ventilation rate will not remove enough CO2. This will cause respiratory…..
acidosis
extreme vomiting will cause metabolic…..
alkalosis
decreased kidney function will cause a build up of acid / hydrogen ions. This will cause metabolic……
acidosis
