Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

4 layers of the trachea:

A

1) mucosa= inner most- pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
2) submucosa= loose areolar connective tissue
3) hyaline cartilage= incomplete cartiliage rings
4) adventita- connective tissue outer layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Trachea divides into 2 primary bronchi. These feed into:

A

the L or R lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

as bronchioles get smaller:

A

epithelium changes

e.g., primary secondary and tertiary bronchi= pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells, large bronchioles= simple ciliated with some goblet cells, smaller bronchioles= simple ciliated with few goblet cells, terminal bronchioles= simple cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

As you travel further away from trachea the smooth muscle coverings change from rings to:

A

plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

lungs sit within the:

A

thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the inside of the lungs are lined with:

A

parietal pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Alveoli quantity and surface area coverage:

A

300 million, SA= 70m2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The pleural cavity sits within the pleural membranes of the lungs. It is:

A

serous and lubricating to allow for inflation + deflation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

conducting zone is AKA as:

A

respiratory zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In regards to alveoli, what type of cell are present on the inner surface and why?

A

Macrophages. No cilia or mucous to clean. If there were cilia or mucous, the alveoli would be too thick which would= poor diffusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Structure of alveoli:

A

T2 cells: Simple squamous epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How thick is the alveolar and capillary wall?

A

0.5um

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Type 2 cells function and composition:

A

are septal cells. they secrete alveolar fluid= surfactant= reduce H+ bonds

small, cuboidal, microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pulmonary ventilation follows which law? What is the law? What circumstances are required t breathe in- low or high pressure?

A

Boyle’s Law. inversely proportional.
- reduce vol= increase pressure
- increase vol= decrease pressure
Breathe in: decrease pressure to allow for increased volume for aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What muscle contributes 25% to ventilation?

A

external intercostals- raise and widen ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What muscle contributes 75% to ventilation?

A

The diaphragm- flattens around 1cm during quiet breathing and around 10cm during strenuous breathing

17
Q

Muscles of inhalation:

A

diaphragm, external intercostals

18
Q

Muscles of exhalation:

A

internal intercostals, oblique, abdominis

19
Q

what is intrapleural pressure?

A

the pressure in the pleural cavity

20
Q

which alveoli receive more air: apex, middle or base? Why?

A

base- due to gravity= more blood flow to lower sections of the lungs

21
Q

What 3 components make up the respiratory zone?

A

1) respiratory bronchioles
2) alveolar ducts/sacs
3) alveoli

22
Q

V/Q in middle of the lung

A

1

23
Q

V/Q in apex of lung

A

2.1 = favours ventilation

24
Q

V/Q in base of lung

A

0.3 = favours perfussion

25
Q

Classification and description of: Pulmonary Fibrosis

A

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorder

  • Scarring of lung tissue = reduced compliance
  • cause: autoimmune disorders , tuberculosis, asbestosis, silicosis
26
Q

Classification and description of: Pulmonary Oedema

A

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorder

  • congestive heart failure
  • Left ventricle / AV valve = leaky
  • causes blood to back-up on Left side of heart due to inability to pump into systemic system
  • increase pressure in pulmonary blood forces fluid out= increase in alveoli fluid
27
Q

Classification and description of: Asthma

A

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder

  • chronic inflammation of bronchial tubes due to allergy
  • bronchospasm, increased mucous, decreased lumen diameter = airway obstruction
28
Q

Classification and description of: Chronic Bronchitis

A

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder

  • similar to asthma, only it is caused by inflammation not an allergy
  • bronchospasm, increased mucous, decreased lumen diameter = airway obstruction
29
Q

Classification and description of: Emphysema

A

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder

  • degrades alveolar wall = large air space = inhiits new O2 rich air from entering lungs= hypoxia
30
Q

In terms if airway modulators, AcH binds to …. and will:

A

muscarinic, bronchoconstrict

31
Q

In terms if airway modulators, Adrenaline bind to the two receptors ….. and will:

A

B adrenergic and sympathomimetics, bronchodilate

e.g., during asthma attack: a sympathomimetic is albuterol/salmetrol

32
Q

high hydrogen concentration= high or low acidity? high or low pH?

A

high acidity and low pH.

vice versa

33
Q

What pH= homeostasis

A

7.35-7.45

34
Q

acidosis occurs at what pH? What is the cause + effect of acidosis?

A

a pH below 7.35

  • cause= reduced synaptic transmission
  • pH below 7= disorientation
  • adverse scenario= coma or death
35
Q

alkalosis occurs at what pH? What is the cause + effect of alkalosis?

A

A pH ABOVE 7.45

  • cause= overexcitement of CN &PNS
  • nervousness, muscle spasms, convulsions, death
36
Q

hyperventilation removes too much CO2. This will cause respiratory …….

A

alkalosis

37
Q

reduced ventilation rate will not remove enough CO2. This will cause respiratory…..

A

acidosis

38
Q

extreme vomiting will cause metabolic…..

A

alkalosis

39
Q

decreased kidney function will cause a build up of acid / hydrogen ions. This will cause metabolic……

A

acidosis