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HUBS1404 Self-created cards > Cardiovasc > Flashcards

Cardiovasc Flashcards

1
Q

Heart sits in

A

Mediastinum

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2
Q

Three layers of the heart

A

1) Epicardium= outer layer. attaches to the heart (it is double layered: visceral= attaches to heart + parietal= outer & fibrous)
2) Myocardium= heart muscle
3) Endocardium= inner lining- epithelial cells

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3
Q

Deoxygenated blood in which side of heart?

A

Right

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4
Q

Oxygenated blood in which side of heart

A

Left

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5
Q

What does pulmonary circuit do?

A

Oxygenates + removes carbon dioxide

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6
Q

What does the systemic circuit do?

A

provides oxygen and nutrients + removes carbon dioxide/waste products

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7
Q

How many chambers in the heart?

A

4

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8
Q

The Superior Vena Cava:

A

brings oxygen poor blood from head & arms

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9
Q

Inferior Vena Cava

A

brings oxygen poor blood to everything (except for head, arms, upper torso)

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10
Q

Atria function

A

receives blood into heart

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11
Q

Ventricle Function

A

Pumps blood into pulmonary circuit

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12
Q

Left Atrium receives blood from pulmonary system via which 4 veins?

A

2x Left pulmonary veins
2x Right Pulmonary veins

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13
Q

How thick is the Right Atrium ?

A

2-3mm

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14
Q

the anterior atrial wall + inner auricle surface of the right atrium have muscular ridges. What are they + what is the function?

A

Pectinate Muscles. They aid contraction

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15
Q

How thick is the left ventricle? Why is it so thick?

A

10-15mm. Ejects blood into systemic circuit at a high force

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16
Q

Where are trabeculae carnae located and what is their function?

A

Left and Right ventricle. purpose= pull on the chordae tendineae during contraction to stop the valves from collapsing

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17
Q

The fibrous skeleton are:

A

rings made of dense connective tissue that form around each of the 4 valves. They prevent overload stretching, insulate the atria and are insertion points for cardiac muscle cells

18
Q

What is the sequence of blood flow? Start at the Right Atrium.

A

1) Right Atrium (blood is DEOXYGENATED).
2) Right Ventricle VIA TRICUSPID VALVE
3) Pulmonary trunk & arteries VIA PULMONARY VALVE
4) Pulmonary capillaries- O2 Increase and CO2 Decrease
5) Pulmonary Veins= OXYGENATED NOW
6) Left Atrium
7) Left Ventricle VIA BICUSPID/MITRAL/LEFT ATRIOVENTRICULAR Valve
8) Aorta and systemic arteries VIA AORTIC VALVE
9) Systemic Capillaries- Lose O2, gain CO2
10) deoxygenated blood will travel through superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus and return to right atrium

REPEAT!!!

19
Q

How thick is the Right Ventricle?

A

4-5mm. much thinner than left ventricle

20
Q

Similarities & difference between heart/skeletal muscle:

A
  • Both have striations and sarcomeres
  • Heart muscle= shorter than skeletal muscle (50-100um) & less circular
  • heart muscle has more mitochondria
21
Q

Cardiac muscle fibres are connected by what type of discs?

A

intercalated discs. these are made up of desmosomes and gap junctions
- desmosomes are: sticky- allow for neighbour fibres sarcolemmas to attach
- gap junctions: permit ion (Na+, K+, Ca+) passage, conduct AP

22
Q

Autorhythmic Heart Fibres are the: ……………. cells.
How do they work?

A

PACEMAKER CELLS!
These create spontaneous AP’s that spread via gap junctions
- spontaneous= slower compared to neurons
-1) depolarisation from -60mV to -40mV (pacemaker potential) due to opening of funny channels= Na+ influx
2) At threshold: Ca+ influx= further depolarise (2nd depolarisation)
3) Repolarisation due to K+ efflux. Ca+ channels close

23
Q

What is the sequence of Intrinsic conduction system?

A

1) SA node activates
- located at top R atrium
- AP spreads to R + L of atria via gap junctions
- myocardium contracts in L + R atria at same time
2) AV node- base of R atrium
- bottle neck affect = 100m/sec delay
- delay= allows for ventricles to fill with blood
3) AV Bundle (bundle of His)
- runs from AV node to upper section of interventricular septum
- vital for conduction of AP’s in atria to ventricles
4) R + L bundle branches
- R + L division
- purkinje fibres= run from branch and up ventricle wall. they have a large diameter which aids in conduction of AP’s= heart contractions

24
Q

Arteries carry blood ………… the heart

A

away from

25
Q

Veins carry blood ……. the heart

A

towards

26
Q

Capillaries are the site of:

A

gas, nutrient and waste exchange

27
Q

arteries and veins (blood vessels) have how many layers?

A

3, but they differ in thickness & composition

28
Q

What are the layers in blood vessels?

A

I.M.E
1) Tunica Intima: innermost.
- endothelial cells= smooth= no friction
- arteries have layers of elastic fibres= aids distention + recoil
2) Tunia Media: middle
- elastic fibres + smooth muscle= aids vasoconstriction/dilation
- thickest in arteries
3) Tunica Externa: outer layer
- connective tissue
- fuse with adjacent tissue to anchor vessel

29
Q

Do arteries or veins have higher pressure? Why?

A

Arteries. Due to narrow lumen

30
Q

Do arteries or veins collapse when not filled with blood? why?

A

veins collapse due to large lumen and lack on elastic tissue. arteries do not - they have elastic tissue and narrow lumen.

31
Q

Which artery is the largest in the body? Where are they found?

A

Elastic Artery. Found in the aorta & pulmonary trunk. They are so big that you can feel them distend on the surface of the skin.

32
Q

Which artery is mainly responsible for vasoconstriction/dilation?

A

Muscular artery

33
Q

What is the composition + size + quantity of arterioles?

A
  • 1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells
  • 15-300um
  • roughly 400 million
34
Q

What is the smallest blood vessel?

A

Capillaries.
- 5-10um
- around 20 billion of them
-common in metabolic active areas
-high surface area coverage= aids gas/nutrient/waste diffusion
- no tunica media or externa

34
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries? What are the compostition/structure and location found?

A

1) Continuous- most numerous, found in CNS, lungs, muscle, skin. Tube created by endothelial cells
2) Fenestrated- leaky/porous. Found in kidneys, small intesitne, choroid plexus, ciliary in eye.
3) Sinusoid- in liver, RB marrow, anterior pituitary. large diameter. very leaky. RBC and proteins travel through these.

35
Q

Diastole is:

A

when the heart relaxes after contraction

36
Q

Systole is:

A

when the heart contracts to pump blood out

37
Q

Vasodilation is facilitated by:

A
  • adrenaline/noradrenaline acting on Beta-2 receptors
  • nitric oxide
  • ions- Hydrogen or potassium
  • histamine, heparin, bradykinin
  • Hypoxia in systemic circuit= decrease oxygen
38
Q

Vasoconstriction is facilitated by:

A
  • adrenaline / noradrenaline acting on alpha -1 receptors
    -Angiotensin II
    -ADH (vasopressin)
  • hypoxia in pulmonary circuit
39
Q

Filtration is driven by which 2 pressures? Which end- venous or arterial?

A

Arterial
1) Blood Hydrostatic Pressure
2) Interstitial Fluid osmotic pressure

40
Q

Reabsorption is driven by which 2 pressure?

A

Venous
1) BCOP
2) NFP

HUBS1404 Self-created cards (7 decks)

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