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BPK 205 > respiratory > Flashcards

respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pathway airflow

A

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
primary bronchi
many smaller bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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2
Q

what parts are in the upper respiratory system

A

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

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3
Q

what parts are in the lower respiratory system

A

trachea
primary bronchi
many smaller bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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4
Q

what are the main functions of the respiratory system

A
  • gas exchange - O2 uptake and CO2 release
  • homeostatic regulation of body pH
  • conditioning inspired air (warming and filtering)
    -protection (filtering and clearing foreign particles)
  • vocalization (vocal cords, larynx)
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5
Q

what is the pH of blood plasma

A

7.4

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6
Q

inspiration

A

inhale, air moves into lungs

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7
Q

expiration

A

exhale, air moves out of the lungs

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8
Q

how does the respiratory and circulatory system coordinate?

A

to move O2 and CO2 between atmosphere and cells

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9
Q

explain external respiration

A
  • the movement of gases between internal environment of body and external environment
  1. exchange 1: atmosphere to lung (ventilation) moving respiratory medium over respiratory surface
  2. exchange 2: lung to blood (alveoli)
  3. transport of gases in the blood
  4. exchange 3: blood to cells (tissues)
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10
Q

how many lobes on each side of the lungs

A

3 right, 2 left

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11
Q

cardiac notch

A

where the heart sits

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12
Q

in normal quiet breathing which muscles are used at rest and what do they do?

A

external intercostals and diaphragm contract and expand lungs for air to flow in

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13
Q

what do the sternocleidomastoids and scalenes do

A

increase volume

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14
Q

what do the external intercoastals to during breathing

A

pull ribs up and out

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15
Q

what does the diaphragm do during inhalation

A

create a pressure gradient for air to move into the lungs

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16
Q

pleural membranes

A

fluid filled balloon that surrouds the lungs
- each is made of a thin layer of secretory epithelial cells and a thin layer of connective tissue

parietal: stuck to rib cage
visceral: surrounds lung tissue
both move together and are stuck together via pleural fluid

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17
Q

pleural sac

A
  • fluid filled
  • protects lungs
  • surrounds lungs, sticking tightly to thoracic wall to keep lungs inflated
  • lubricates membranes to reduce friction, which allows them to slide against each other wile lungs move during breathing
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18
Q

ciliated epithelium

A

lining trachea and bronchi to filter foreign substances

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19
Q

what do the airways do

A

warm air to body temperature, add water vapour

conditioning air before it enters alveoli cells

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20
Q

submucosal glands

A

secrete saline and mucous

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21
Q

what does cilia do in the airway

A

moves mucous layer toward pharynx, removing trapped pathogens and particulate mattwer

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22
Q

cartilage ring

A

area can’t be changed unless something is obstructing it, airway is then reduced
surrounds trachea and bronchi

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23
Q

flow is proportional to

A

delta P/V

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24
Q

resistance is proportional to

A

Ln/r^4

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25
Q

what does obstructive lung diseases do to resistance

A

increase airway resistance

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26
Q

How can brochioles change their radius

A

neutral, hormonal and paracrine effects on smooth muscle. Cross sectional radius is large so resistance is low - bronchoconstriction can increase resistance to reduce flow to/from alveoli

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27
Q

bronchiodilation

A

decrease resistance to air flow
ie/ at the gym
paracrine response to CO2
SNS response
need to increase blood flow

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28
Q

what is the SNS response in bronchodilation

A

noepinephrine/epinephrine bind to B2-adrenergic receptors
cause relaxation of bronchiole smooth muscle
GS-AC-cAMP-PKn

29
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

increased resistance to air flow
paracrine response to histamine being released by local mast cells in an immune response
PNS response

30
Q

PNS response in bronchoconstriction

A

Ach binds to muscarinic receptors (M3) causing constriction of bronchiole smooth muscles
Gq-PLC-IP3- IP3R - Ca2+

31
Q

Alveoli

A

site of gas exchange
make up bulk of lung tissue
each alveolus is made of one layer epithelial cells

32
Q

type 1 alveolar cells

A

gas exchange
95% of alveolar SA

33
Q

Type 2 alveolar cells

A

make and secrete surfactant

34
Q

surfactant

A
  • secreted by type 2 alveolar cells
  • lines inside surface of alveoli
  • decrease surface tension inside alveoli therefore decreasing pressure which makes alveoli easier to expand/inflate
  • preventing alveoli from collapsing
35
Q

why are alveoli optimized for diffusion

A

very thin, little interstitual fluid, alveolus and capillary held close together by fused basement membranes

36
Q

why at an air- fluid interface, surface of the fluid is under a tension?

A

attractive forces between fluid molecules which causes inward directed pressure that is a function of the surface tension of the fluid

37
Q

law of laplace equation

A

P= 2T/r

38
Q

what does the law of laplace tell you about pressure

A

pressure is greater in a smaller bubble if they have the same surface tension

39
Q

what happens in alveoli when theres too much pressure

A

makes them collapsible and difficult to inflate
- why we need surfactant to help

40
Q

what does surfactant do to pressure in alveoli

A

equalization of pressure between alveoli
air flow equalized to all alveoli
decreases surface tension
smaller alveoli have more surfactant

41
Q

why is intrapleural pressure always negative

A

because the membranes are always pulling away from each other

42
Q

equation for transpulmonary pressure

A

Palv-Pip = 4 mm hg

43
Q

functional residual capacity

A

at the end of normal expiration, volume of air left in lungs

44
Q

are Palv and Patm equal

A

yes, 0 mm Hg
pressure inside the alveoli=pressure of outside air

45
Q

what does the elastic recoil of lungs inward equals

A

elastic recoil of chest walls outwards

46
Q

result of elastic recoil of the lungs

A

negative intrapleural pressure and lungs pulled towards chest wall due to resultant forces on pleural membranes

47
Q

positive transpulmonary pressure

A

= distending pressure
the force inflating the lungs

48
Q

pressure during inspiration and expiration

A

more neg
less neg

49
Q

position of the pleural fluid in the normal lung at rest

A

pleural fluid keeps the lung adhered to the chest wall

50
Q

Pneumothorax

A

air enters the pleural sac
intrapleural pressure is no longer negative
the bond holding the lung to the chest wall is broken and the lung collapses (To unstretched size) creating a pneumothorax
air in thorax

sealed pleural cavity is opened to the atmosphere, air flows in

51
Q

tidal volume value

A

500mL

52
Q

when does air stop flowing into the lungs

A

when Palv=Patm

53
Q

lung compliance

A

ability of the lung to stretch
the change in volume for a given change in pressure exerted on the lung

high compliance of the lungs allows them to move outward with little force required

54
Q

loss of compliance disease

A

fibrosis

55
Q

elastance in lungs

A

ability of lung to spring back after being stretched
due to the presence of elastin fibers throughout the lung interstitial space

elastic recoil of the lung creates an inward pull

56
Q

loss of elastin in lung cause what

A

emphysema - problem with forcing air out of the lungs

57
Q

boyles law equation

A

P1V1=P2V2

if volume increases, then pressure decreases

58
Q

what happens in ventilation when inspiratory muscles contract

A

lung volume increases, pressure inside lungs decreases, air is sucked into lungs

moves down pressure gradient into lungs

59
Q

what happens in ventilation when the inspiratory muscles relax

A

diapragm moves down
lung volume decreases
pressure inside lungs increases
air is blown out of the lungs

moves down a pressure gradient out of the lungs

60
Q

during quiet inspiration

A

diaphragm contracts and flattens
muscles of inspiration contract and pull ribs up and out; sternum lifts up
thoracic and lung volumes increase
Pip and Palv decrease
Patm>Palv
air flows in

61
Q

during passive expiration

A

diaphragm relaxes and moves upward
muscles of inspiration relax; ribs and sternum “fall” back down
thoracic and lung volumes decrease
Pip ans Palv increase
Palv>Patm
air flows out

62
Q

how many mL is the dead space in the lungs

A

150

63
Q

inspiratory capactity

A

tidal volume + IRV

64
Q

vital capacity

A

Vt+ IRV+ERV

65
Q

total lung capacity

A

Vt+IRV +ERV+RV

66
Q

functional residual capacity

A

ERV+RV

67
Q

total pulmonary ventilation

A

ventilation rate x tidal volume
12 breaths/min x 500mL = 6L/min

68
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

volume of air moved in/out of the alveoli per minute
= ventilation rate x (VT - dead space volume Vd)
= 12 breaths/min x (500-150mL) = 4.2 L/min

69
Q

alveolar ventilation and anatomical dead space

A
  1. at the end of inspiration, dead space is filled with fresh air (150o2, 2. exhale 500mL (tidal volume)
  2. at the end of respiration, the dead space is filled with “stale” air from alveoli
  3. inhale 500mL of fresh air (tidal volume)

BPK 205 (14 decks)

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