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BPK 205 > kidneys > Flashcards

kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

ureter

A

carry urine from kidney to bladder

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2
Q

what does it mean for kidneys to be retroperitoneal

A

memobronous sac
loated posterior
not in abdominal cavity
behind peritoneal membrane that holds abdominal organs

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3
Q

urethra

A

tube connecting urinary bladder to external environment

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4
Q

main functions of the kidney

A

filtration
regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure
regulation of osmolarity
maintenance of ion balance -
homeostatic regulation of pH - excretion/making of H+ and bicarbonate
excretion of metabolic wastes - creatinine, urea, hormones, uribilinogen
production of hormones

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5
Q

renin

A

hormone but functions as an enzyme, important regulator of blood pressure

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6
Q

how many nephrons per kidney

A

about one million

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7
Q

cortical nephron

A

includes bowman’s capsules, proximal and distal tubules
short

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8
Q

juxtamedullary nephron

A

long
includes loops of henle (acending and decending and collecting ducts

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9
Q

what does the collecting duct drain into

A

renal pelvis

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10
Q

where do renal arteries take blood

A

to the cortex

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11
Q

what delivers blood to the nephron

A

afferent arteriole

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12
Q

vasa recta

A

part of the capillaries that surrounds nephron
re-entry point into circulation

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13
Q

what makes up the renal corpuscle

A

bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

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14
Q

proximal tubule

A

glucose and sodium reabsorption

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15
Q

distal tubule

A

secretes h2o to dilute urine

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16
Q

what kind of cells is the nephron made out of

A

epithelial

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17
Q

what are the four processes of the nephron

A

filtration - movement from blood to lumen
reabsorption - from lumen to blood
secretion - from blood to lumen
excretion - from lumen to outside of body

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18
Q

how much water is filtered daily

A

180 L

19
Q

how much water is at the end of the collecting duct a day

A

1.5L

20
Q

filtration

A

the percent of total plasma volume that filters into the tubule
1. plasma volume entering afferent arteriole 180L/day
2. 20% of volume filters
3. 99% of filtrate is reabsorbed
4. 99% of plasma entering kidney returns to systemic circulation
5. less than 1% (1.5 L/day) volume is excreted to external environment

go through: glomerular capillary endothelium, basal lamina, epithelium of bowmans capule ( podocyte)

21
Q

podocyte

A

epithelium of bowmans capsule
have feet that have windows that will slip through the holes of bowman’s space

22
Q

what is made and secreted out at the renal corpuscle

A

potassium, H+, urea

23
Q

what is made and reabsorbed at the renal corpuscle

A

sodium and glucose

24
Q

what are the pressures that influence glomerular filtration rate

A

hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure gradient, fluid pressure within Bowman’s capsule

25
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

the volume of fluid that filters into bowmans capsule per unit time
180L/day
100 mL/min

26
Q

osmolarity

A

number of osmotically active particles per liter of solution

27
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the driving force of osmotic, force that has to be applied to prevent osmosis

28
Q

colloid osmotic pressure gradient

A

due to the presence of proteins in the plasma, but not the filtrate

29
Q

why does someone with cirrhosis have lower than normal levels of plasma proteins, and a higher than normal GFR

A

colloid osmotic pressure is lower

30
Q

Net filtration pressure equation

A

PH- pi -Pfluid
55-30-15 = 10 mm Hg

31
Q

how is GFR maintained

A

regulating renal blood flow

maintains a constant GFR when mean arterial blood is between 80-180 mm Hg which is the normal mean blood pressure

32
Q

what happens when the afferent arteriole vasoconsticts

A

increase resistance
decrease flow
decrease hydrostatic pressure
decrease GFR

33
Q

what happens where the efferent arteriole vasoconstricts

A

increased resistance
blood pooling in glomerulus
increase hydrostatic pressure (PH)
increase GFR

34
Q

what is the myogenic response to changes in blood pressure

A

intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle

stretch due to increased pressure causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles
- stretch- activated cation channels on vascular smooth muscle
-depolarization leads to smooth muscle contraction

35
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback

A

paracrine signaling
happens at juxtaglomerular apparatus
macula densa senses increased flow due to high GFR which will release paracrines that act of afferent arteriole to vasoconstrict
negative feedback
1. GFR increases ie/ at the gym
2. flow through tubule increases
3. flow (NaCl) past macula densa increases
4. paracrine from macula densa to afferent arteriole
5. afferent arteriole vasoconstricts
6. resistance in afferent arteriole increases
7. Hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus decreases
8. GFR decreases

36
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

region where ascending limb of oop of henle passes afferent and efferent arterioles

where blood flow is checked

37
Q

macula densa

A

specialized cells of the ascending tubule. In the juxtaglomerular apparatus

has flow sensors, if low paracrine signal will be released to act of arteriole

38
Q

granular cells

A

secrete renin

39
Q

reabsorption

A

movement from tubule lumen into blood
majority occurs in proximal tubule of nephron
Transepithelial transport
paracellular pathway
Na+ and glucose (active transport, sodium potassium pump)
1. sodium is reabsorbed by active transport
2. electrochemical gradient drivers anion reabsorption
3. water moves by osmosis, following solute reabsorption. Concentrations of other solutes increase as fluid volume in lumen decreases
4. permeable solutes are reabsorbed by diffusion through membrane transporters or by the paracellular pathway

40
Q

transepithelial transport

A

substance cross both apical and basolateral membranes of transporting epithelium
channels and transporters for Na+ and glucose

41
Q

paracellular pathway

A

substances pass through tight junction of adjacent cells
CL-

42
Q

secretion

A

important in homeostatic regulation (K+ and H+)
removes organic compounds from body (metabolites and foreign substances)
increasing secretion enhances nephron excretion

43
Q

excretion

A

at the end of the collecting duct where the filtrate can no longer be modified
Urine is the output - variable concentration of organic wastes ions and water
should not contain and glucose, a.as or metabolites or useful metabolites as they have been reabsorbed

BPK 205 (14 decks)

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