Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BPK 205 > endocrine > Flashcards

endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what are the properties of a hormone

A

cell to cell communication molecules
binding to target receptor initiate cellular response
communication eventually terminated
half life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the chemical classes of hormones

A

peptide/protein
steroid
amine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

peptide/protein hormones

A

made in endocrine cells all over body
made in advance and stored in vesicles for release
preprohormone-prohormone-hormone

  • initially made as a large, inactive preprohormone; includes one or more copies of the final hormone
  • series of post-translational modification converts it
  • online final hormone in vesicle is active

release into ECF via exocytosis, then diffuses from ECF to blood (carried away in solution)
short half life (sec-min)
lipophobic - binds membrane receptors (activates 2nd messenger systems)

response usually involves altered activity of target proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

steroid hormones

A

made from cholesterol
only made in adrenal cortex, kidney, skin, gonads, placenta
final hormone is lipophilic so cannot be stored (will just diffuse out)
made on demand from lipophobic precursors that may be stored in intracellular compartments

released by simple diffusion into blood - transported bound to carrier proteins that bring them to target
longer half life (hours)

  1. intracellular response - slow genomic response = modulation/regulation of gene activity. change in gene expression
  2. membrane receptors - fast non-genomic response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

contain enzymes requires for steroid sythesis
lipid and lipid like storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

amine hormones

A

made in the pineal gland, adrenal medulla, thyroid
mostly derived from tyrosine

thyroid hormones, catecholamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

thyroid hormones

A

amine
characteristics similar to those of steroid hormones

lipophilic, made on demand from lipophobic precursors stored in thyroid, requires carrier proteins, long half life, genomic responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

catecholamine

A

amine
neurohormone

lipophobic, stored for release, short half life, change activity or target protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

gland

A

collection of secretory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

exocrine

A

substance leaving the body
sweat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

endocrine

A

going into the bloodstream - inside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

alpha cell

A

secrete glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

beta cell

A

secretes insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what cellular processes could hormones regulate

A

rate of enzymatic rxns (speed/slow down)
transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes
gene expression and protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

posterior pituitary

A

neural tissue
secretes two neurohormones (vasopressin and oxytocin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

anterior pituitary

A

endocrine tissue secreting six true hormones synthesizes by endocrine tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is release of hormones from anterior pituitary controlled by

A

neurohormones from the hypothalamus

18
Q

how does the posterior pituitary glad secrete neurohormones

A
  1. neurohormone is made and packages in the cell body of the neuron
  2. vesicles are transported down the cell
  3. vesicles containing neurohormone are stored in posterior pituitary
  4. neurohormones are released into the blood
19
Q

how does the anterior pituitary release hormones

A
  1. hypothalamic neurons synthesize neurohormones and release them into capillaries of the portal vein system
  2. portal veins carry the neurohormones directly to the anterior pituitary, where they act on the endocrine cells
  3. endocrine cells release their peptide hormones into the second set of capillaries for distribution to the rest of the body
20
Q

portal circulatory system

A

specialized modification where two sets of capillaries are connected in series by a set of small veins

21
Q

parathyroid hormone endocrine reflex loop

A

stimulus: low plasma [Ca2+]
integrating center: parathyroid cell (behind thyroid gland, moniters plasma calicum)
output signal: parathyroid hormone will be release to its targets
target: bone (has calcium) and kidney (filters calcium)
response: increase bone reabsorption, increase kidney reabsorption of calcium, production of calctriol leads to increased intestinal absorption of calcium

increased plasma calcium

22
Q

insulin endocrine reflex loop for eating a meal

A

stimulus: stretch receptor in digestive tract
sensory neuron brings to integrating center CNS then the efferent neuron
integrating center: pancreas
beta cells release insulin (peptide hormone)
target cell: target tissues
tissue response: increase glucose uptake and utilization
systemic response: decrease blood glucose

23
Q

insulin endocrine reflex loop for increase of blood glucose

A

integrating center: pancreas
beta cells release insulin (peptide hormone)
target cell: target tissues
tissue response: increase glucose uptake and utilization
systemic response: decrease blood glucose

24
Q

insulin endocrine reflex loop for increase of glucose in lumen

A

glucose in lumen
endocrine cells i small intestine
GLP-1

integrating center: pancreas
beta cells release insulin (peptide hormone)
target cell: target tissues
tissue response: increase glucose uptake and utilization
systemic response: decrease blood glucose

25
Q

modulations of cell responses

A

adjusting the number of receptors
cells can adjust their sensitivity to hormone in response to changes in hormone concentration

26
Q

up regulation

A

increase receptor number in response to low hormone concentration

try to maintain response despite low hormone concentration

occurs when the body cannot synthesize enough of a hormone

27
Q

down regulation

A

decrease receptor number in response to sustain increase in hormone

need to turn down the hormone since theres too much

usually involves endocytosis of membrane receptors

28
Q

tropic hormone

A

control the secretion of another hormone

29
Q

trophic hormone

A

hormone causing something else to grow

30
Q

give an example of a tropic hormone

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone releases from the hypothalamus

causes release of thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone; TSH) from anterior pituitary

causes release of thyroid hormones from thyroid

31
Q

synergism

A

two hormones act together to have a greater effect

cells and tissues can be under the influence of multiple hormones at any given time, it is not always predictable

functional overlap of hormones

32
Q

permissiveness

A

for a hormone to do their job they need the presence of another hormone

if hormone A can’t produce its full effect without the presence or hormone B, then B is permissive for A

33
Q

functional antagonists

A

hormones with opposite actions

34
Q

ligand

A

chemical molecule that binds to a receptor

35
Q

agonist

A

a ligand that binds to a receptor and enhances its activity
may have the opposite effect in a different tissue

36
Q

antagonist

A

a ligand that binds to a receptor and inhibits its activity

37
Q

what is target cell response determined by

A

receptor and intracellular signalling pathways NOT on the ligand

38
Q

specificity

A

receptors may show preference for a particular ligand or type of ligand

very specific - bind to few ligands
non-specific - able to bind to many different ligands (not at the same time)

39
Q

competition

A

multiple ligands may compete for the same receptor active site

usually one ligand binds better than the other (higher affinity)

40
Q

competitive antagonist

A

same binding site on receptor as agonist or primary ligand

can be overcome by an increase in agonist concentration

max response can still be achieved

41
Q

non-competitive antagonist

A

different binding site on receptor (allosteric site) than agonist. changes the shape

or bind to the same active site but cannot unbind, permanently taking receptor out of the equation, irreversible antagonist)

cannot be overcome by increase in agonist concentration

42
Q

when is the dose response curve maximal and saturated

A

if agonist concentration is high enough

BPK 205 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions