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caps 390 > respiratory > Flashcards

respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

general organization of internal tube-based organs

A

mucosa: epithelium + LP
epithelium: endoderm derived
LP: CT, MALT, muscularis mucosae
submucosa: CT, glands
adventitia/serosa: CT, muscle/cartilage/bone
- adventitia: sticks to other organs
- serosa: mesothelial cells, allows to move against other organs

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2
Q

ectoderm

A
  • epidermis of skin (+ sweat glands, hair follicles)
  • mouth + rectum epithelium
  • sense receptors in epithelium
  • nervous system
  • epithelium of pineal + pituitary glands
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3
Q

mesoderm

A
  • skeletal + muscular system
  • muscular layer of stomach, intestine, etc
  • excretory system
  • circulatory + lymphatic systems
  • reproductive system
  • dermis
  • lining of body cavity
  • adrenal cortex
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4
Q

endoderm

A
  • digestive tract epithelium
  • respiratory epithelium
  • urethra, bladder, reproductive system lining
  • liver
  • pancreas + gallbladder
  • thymus
  • thyroid + parathyroid glands

forms umbilical cord
lung bud - panc/livGB bud - umbilical vessel

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5
Q

nasal cavity origin

A

ectoderm

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6
Q

nasal cavity - epithelium

A

ciliated, pseudostratified
- mucociliary flow to back of throat
- goblet cells prod mucus

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7
Q

nasal cavity - lamina propria

A

highly vascular
- some MALT
- simple mucous glands

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8
Q

nasal cavity - sub mucosa + adventitia

A

bone or hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

turbinates can get swollen (inflammation) - blocks sinuses
- cilia drain sinuses toward small opening into nasal cavity

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10
Q

functions of nasal mucosa

A
  • warm + moisten air
  • trap particles in mucus
  • cilia beat back to pharynx (mucociliary clearance)
  • MALT
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11
Q

olfactory mucosa

A

roof of nasal cavity
- pseudostr ciliated epithelium
- bipolar sensory neurons, basal cells (stem-like), bowman’s glands

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12
Q

bipolar sensory neurons

A

in olfactory mucosa epithelium
- sensory cilia are embedded in serous secretions which capture odorants
- surrounded by supportive sustentacular cells

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13
Q

bowman’s glands

A

in LP of olfactory mucosa
- serous, simple alveolar
- prod molecules that bind to olfactants, immersing them in mucosa
- secretions bathe bipolar cilia

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14
Q

functions of oral cavity

A
  • ingestion and taste
  • mastication
  • bolus formation
  • hydration of food
  • swallow
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15
Q

lips - vermillion zone

A

highly vascularized LP
str sq epithelium

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16
Q

lips - internal aspect + cheek

A

epi: str sq, non-keratinized
LP: dense irregular CT
submucosa: mucous glands
adventitia: skeletal muscle

continuous w gums

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17
Q

lips - external aspect

A

skin
- epi: str sq, keratinizing
- LP: CT dermis
- hair follicles and hair shafts

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18
Q

gingiva

A

protect periodontal ligament via junctional epithelial collar
- epi: str sq, lightly keratinized
- LP + submucosa: dense irregular CT, collagen I
- adventitia: bone (jaws, maxilla + mandible)

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19
Q

periodontal ligament

A

connects tooth to jaw, protected by gums
- collagen i

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20
Q

bacterial gingivitis

A

chronic inflammation of LP of gums
- redness at tooth-gums junction
- untreated can damage periodontal ligament

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21
Q

hard palate

A

anterior roof of mouth
- epi: str sq, keratinizing
- mastication chewing, creates more friction
- adventitia: bone

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22
Q

soft palate

A

posterior roof of mouth
- epi: str sq, non-keratinizing
- non masticatory
- adventitia: elevates w uvula during swallowing, closing nasal cavity entrance

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23
Q

tongue

A

mucosal specializations:
- papillae (+ tastebuds)
- lingual tonsils (malt, posterior)
- submucosal serous glands, trap tastant molecules

adventitia: skeletal muscle

creates bolus

anterior: ectoderm
posterior: endoderm

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24
Q

mucosal papillae

A

circumvalate, fungiform, filiform
epi: str sq keratinized
LP: dense irregular CT
submucosa: serous glands, ducts carry it to surface

  • taste buds in crevices
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25
Q

intra-epithelial tastebuds

A

microvilli in taste pore in crevices of papillae
- spindle shaped sensory receptor cells I&II
- synapse w sensory neurons
- tastants dissolve in serous fluid, enter pore, bind to G protein-coupled cell surf receptors + ion channels, downstream neuronal signalling
- diff receptors for sweet, sour, salty, bitter

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26
Q

lingual tonsils

A

malt at posterior aspect of tongue
- LP of tongue papillae
- lymphoid nodules, highly basophilic bc of WBCs
- oral entry pathogens

27
Q

pharynx

A

endoderm-derived
- air/food passageway

LP: prominent MALT (pharyngeal tonsils)
submucosa: serous glands
adventitia: skeletal muscle

nasopharynx,. oropharynx, and laryngeal pharynx

28
Q

nasopharynx

A

pseudostr respiratory epithelium
- above oral opening

29
Q

oropharynx

A

str sq non-keratinizng
- at oral opening

30
Q

laryngeal pharynx

A

str sq non-keratinizing
- right before epiglottis

31
Q

epiglottis

A

roof of larynx
- prevents food entry to airway
- entry into dedicated respiratory system

epi: str sq (tongue side) -> str columnar -> respiratory
adventitia: elastic cartilage (flexibility)

32
Q

larynx

A

box between pharynx + trachea
- roof: epiglottis
- floor: vocal folds

33
Q

vocal folds

A

floor of larynx, vocalization via vibration of folds (mucosa + submucosa)

epi: str sq
LP: dense regular CT, elastic fibers (vocal cord)
submucosa: vocal ligament, mast cell
adventitia: skeletal muscle (vocalis muscle)

34
Q

vocal ligament

A

in submucosa of vocal cord, attaches to skeletal muscle

35
Q

false fold

A

cover vocal cords
epi: str sq
submucosa: seromucous glands
- no movement

36
Q

conducting portion of respiratory system

A

conducts air in and out of lungs
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- primary bronchi (outside of lungs) (segmented pieces of cartilage in adventitia)
- secondary bronchi
- tertiary/segmental bronchi
- primary bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles

37
Q

respiratory diverticulum

A

out-pouching from pharynx

38
Q

trachea

A
  • seromucociliary clearance up to be swallowed
  • horseshoe shaped hyaline cartilage: lumen stays open
  • smooth muscle (dorsal wall) decr lumen diameter when contracted
  • elastic CT facilitates re-expanding
39
Q

trachea - mucosa

A

epi: respiratory
LP: loose CT, MALT
Elastic lamina: eosinophilic

40
Q

trachea - submucosa

A

dense fibroelastic CT
- seromucous glands w ducts to surf
- mucous acini: lighter staining, carb/viscous secretion
- serous demilune: darker staining, protein/watery secretion
* proper ion transport imp for consistency of secretions (CFTR)

41
Q

trachea - adventitia

A

anterior: hyaline cartilage (horseshoe)
posterior: smooth muscle = trachealis muscle

42
Q

respiratory epithelium

A

pseudostr columnar, endodermally derived
- columnar cells w cilia (microtubule-based, for clearance)
- goblet cells
- basal cells (stem)
- small mucous granule cells
- serous cells
- small-granule cells

43
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucous apically
- microvilli (actin-based)
- exocrine gland

44
Q

small mucous granule cells

A

unknown, goblet cells that have released all mucus?

45
Q

serous cells

A

columnar cells w serous, electron dense secretion

46
Q

bronchi

A

bifucation of trachea, 8 more times branching in each lung
- histologically similar to trachea
- pulmonary arteries + veins in adventitia’s CT

47
Q

bronchial branching

A
  • resp epi, decrease in goblet cells
  • LP: incr in elastic fibers
  • smooth muscle at mucosal/submucosal interface
    • regulates air conduction
  • submucosal glands decr
  • adventitia: hyaline cartilage becoming small, discontinuous plates
48
Q

bronchioles

A

branch 6 more times to reach terminal bronchioles (end of cond portion)
- 500um diameter
- actively change diameter of lumen
- seromucous secretions v low
- lubricating secretions incr to decr surf tension and keep airways open

epi: simple columnar/cuboidal, cilia
LP: elastic CT, smooth muscle
submucosa: no glands
adventitia: no cartilage

49
Q

bronchiolar epithelium

A

simple columnar w clara cells and some cilia
- tight junctions
- no goblet cells

50
Q

clara cells

A

in bronchiolar epithelium
- make lipoproteins
- lots of SER
- apical exocytosis
- lubricating + anti-inflammatory secretions
- detoxification enzymes

51
Q

respiratory portion of respiratory system

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveoli proper
52
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

short stretches of bronchiolar epi
- interspersed w alveoli

53
Q

alveoli proper

A

cluster around alveolar ducts at the ends of resp bronchioles
- sites of gas exchange w alveolar capillaries

54
Q

alveolar capillaries

A

terminal ends of branches of pulmonary arteries

55
Q

alveoli - epi

A

simple squamous (type I pneumocytes) and simple cuboidal (type II pneumocytes)

56
Q

alveoli - mucosa + submucosa

A

no smooth muscle
elastic fibers prominent for recoil
interalveolar septae

57
Q

alveoli - adventitia

A

sparse

58
Q

interalveolar septae

A

reticular CT between alveoli

59
Q

dust cells

A

alveolar macrophages
- patrol respiratory tissues + clear particulates from alveoli
- migrate across respiratory epithelium/pneumocytes to enter alveoli
- longterm inflammation leads to destruction of interalveolar septa

60
Q

alveolar pores

A

connect adjacent alveoli to facilitate air pressure equalization

61
Q

gas exchange

A
  1. simple sq epith (type I pneumocytes) with tight junctions
  2. fused basal laminae from basement membr of pneumocytes + endothelial cells
  3. capillary endothelial cells with tight junctions
62
Q

type II pneumocyte

A

in epith of alveoli, secrete surfactant
- surfactant: phospholipoprotein in secretory vesicles = lamellar bodies
- remains associated w apical surf of type I&II cells
- decr surf tension, helps keep alveoli open

63
Q

emphysema/copd

A

breakdown of interalveolar septa
- large gaps in alveolar tissue
- no type I pneumocytes anymore, just bronchiolar tissue + smooth muscle
- no gas exchange

caps 390 (13 decks)

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