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caps 390 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

lining of endodermal organs

A

tube from the endoderm

foregut:
- lung
- esophagus
- stomach
- duodenum
- pancreas
- submucosal glands

midgut:
- jejunum
- ileum

hindgut:
- cecum
- colon
- rectum

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2
Q

alimentary canal - mucosa

A

epi: endoderm derived
LP: loose CT w MALT, glands

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3
Q

alimentary canal - muscularis mucosae

A

smooth muscle, thin
- inner circular
- outer longitudinal

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4
Q

alimentary canal - submucosa

A

dense irregular CT
- glands
- submucosal/meissner’s nerve plexus (autonomic)
- induces pancreatic secretions
- controls movement of mucosa and submucosa

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5
Q

alimentary canal - muscularis externa

A

smooth muscle
- inner circular
- outer longitudinal
- myenteric nerve plexus

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6
Q

alimentary canal - adventitia

A

loose CT
- if simple sq covering: serosa
- may hang in mesentery

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7
Q

auerbach’s/myenteric nerve plexus

A

in muscularis externa of alimentary tract
- autonomic
- regulates peristalsis

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8
Q

mesentery

A

attaches to abdominal wall
- contains BV and nerves to/from alimentary canal

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9
Q

esophagus

A

pharynx -> stomach

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10
Q

esophagus - mucosa

A

epi: str sq, non-keratinizing
LP: loose CT

folded when empty, expansion by bolus

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11
Q

esophagus - submucosa

A

dense irregular CT
- mucous acini, secrete anti-bacterial lysosymes

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12
Q

esophagus - muscularis mucosae

A

smooth muscle

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13
Q

esophagus - muscularis externae

A

upper ⅓: skeletal/skeletal
middle ⅓: skeletal/smooth
lower ⅓: smooth/smooth

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14
Q

gastro-esophageal junction

A

z line
- str. sq. to simple columnar
- slight thickening of m. externa: lower esophageal sphincter

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15
Q

barrett’s syndrome

A

pre-malig metaplasia of lower esophagus (str sq -> gastric-like simple columnar)
- chronic acid reflux
- leads to esophageal carcinoma

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16
Q

stomach

A

initiates digestion: enzymes and mechanical breakdown
- diff cell composition in diff sections of stomach

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17
Q

stomach - mucosa

A

epi: simple columnar
- depressions: gastric glands
- apical secretions: mucous, acid, proteases
- basal secretions: hormones + paracrine factors

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18
Q

stomach - muscularis externa

A

3 layers of muscle
- thickenings at esophageal and pyloric openings = sphincters

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19
Q

rugae

A

transient gastric mucosal folds

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20
Q

stomach epithelial cells

A

surf lining cell
regenerative cell
mucous neck cell
oxyntic/parietal cell
zymogenic/chief cell
enteroendocrine/DNES/APUD cell

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21
Q

surface lining cell

A

stomach cell, protective mucous

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22
Q

regenerative cell

A

stem cell
- highly proliferative
- epi turns over each 7 days

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23
Q

mucous neck cell

A

large amounts of protective mucous
- goblet cell-like

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24
Q

oxyntic/parietal cell

A

HCl/acid
- tight junctions

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25
Q

zymogenic/chief cell

A

prod zymogens (activated by acid)
- ex. pepsinogen -> pepsin
- prominent RER
- secretory vesicles
- tight junctions

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26
Q

enteroendocrine/DNES/APUD cell

A

basal peptide secretion into LP
- paracrine or endocrine
- VIP + gastrin
- present all throughout GI tract

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27
Q

vasoactive intestinal peptide

A

incr peristalsis of intestines
- endocrine

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28
Q

gastrin

A

incr parietal cell acid secretion + relaxes pyloric sphincter
- paracrine

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29
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

stomach -> duodenum
- gastrin causes relaxation + movement into duodenum

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30
Q

small intestine

A

midgut endoderm
duodenum -> jejunum -> ileum

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31
Q

small intestine - epithelium

A

simple columnar
- in villi:
- enterocytes
- goblet cells (secrete protective mucous)
- in crypts:
- paneth cells
- stem cells

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32
Q

absorptive mucosa of small intestine

A

incr surf area w villi and depressions (crypts/glands)

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33
Q

small intestine - LP

A

loose CT
- vascular + lymph capillaries(=central lacteals) in cores of villi

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34
Q

small intestine - submucosa

A

brunner’s glands in duodenum

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35
Q

columnar enterocytes

A

absorptive cells of small intestine
- microvilli
- many channels + transporters in membr
- actin based cytoskeleton merges w terminal web
- microvilli submerged in glycocalyx containing enzymes

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36
Q

terminal web

A

part of columnar enterocytes
- actin
- associated w terminal bars: adherens and tight junctions

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37
Q

Brunner’s glands

A

secrete alkaline mucous in duodenum
- protects from stomach acid
- in submucosa
- ducts empty into base of crypts

38
Q

Paneth cells

A

deep in crypts of small intestine
- secrete antibacterial lysosymes
- can become phagocytic + APCs

39
Q

B and T cell aggregates (small intestine)

A

no CT capsule
- activated by paneth/M cells
- pale germinal centers = B cell activation
- incr towards end of small intestine (ileum)
- fill entire LP in appendix
- peyer’s patches

40
Q

large intestine - mucosa

A

absorption, especially water
- crypts and glands, but no villi

41
Q

large intestine - epi

A

simple columnar
- enterocytes
- high number of goblet cells

42
Q

large intestine - submucosa

A

no brunner’s glands

43
Q

large intestine - m. externa

A

smooth muscle, inner circular, outer taeniae coli
- terminal thickening: anal sphincter

44
Q

taeniae coli

A

outer 3 longitudinal layers of large intestine’s m. externa
- varies in thickness

45
Q

anal/rectal canal - m. externa

A

smooth muscle internally, skeletal muscle externally

46
Q

rectum-anus junction

A

simple columnar -> str. sq, keratinized at outer surface
- a bit lower is pectinate line: endoderm -> ectoderm
- right below pectinate line is internal then external sphincter

47
Q

anus

A

Superior and interior hemorrhoidal veins in submucosa
- hilton’s white line: lack of veins

48
Q

digestive glands

A

develop from endoderm near start of small intestine
- connected to small intestine through ducts

49
Q

pancreas

A

dual structure:
i. endocrine islets, insulin + glucagon (blood)
ii. exocrine acini, digestive enzymes + bicarbonate ions (ducts)
- posterior abdominal wall behind stomach and duodenum
- tubuloacinar gland

50
Q

liver

A

multiple functions all occurring in hepatocytes
- endocrine (plasma proteins)
- exocrine (bile)
- detox
- storage (glycogen)

51
Q

gallbladder

A

stores and concentrates exocrine product of liver (bile)
- when no food, sphincter of oddi is closed: bile accumulates and goes into gall bladder

52
Q

sphincter of oddi

A

exocrine ducts of pancreas, liver, and gallbladder empty into small intestine
- pancreatic tissue

53
Q

endocrine islets

A

chromophobic, secrete insulin + glucagon into blood

54
Q

exocrine acini

A

chromophilic, secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions into intralobular duct

55
Q

duct organization, exocrine pancreas

A

centroacinar cell -> intercalated duct -> intralobular duct -> small interlobular duct -> main interlobular duct

56
Q

acinar cells

A

secrete digestive zymogens
- stimulated by cholecystokinin (CCK) prod by DNES cells from small intestine
- CCK also relaxes smooth muscle in sphincter of oddi
- merocrine secretions

57
Q

centroacinar cells

A

secrete bicarbonate ion
- stimulated by intestinal hormone secretin

58
Q

merocrine glands

A

exocytosis

59
Q

apocrine glands

A

small portion of cytoplasm buds off

60
Q

holocrine glands

A

disintegration of cell and release of product

61
Q

pancreatic injury

A

digestive enzymes build up -> inflammation
- leads to metaplasia of acinar lobules into ductal lobules
- could be reversible

62
Q

chronic pancreatitis

A

fibrotic changes: cystic fibrosis
- collagen/fibrosis + metaplasia
- lobes still organized properly

63
Q

pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

A

unorganized neoplastic ductules
- abnormal growth of new cells
- collagen/fibrosis

64
Q

alpha cells

A

secrete glucagon, incr blood glucose

65
Q

beta cell

A

secrete insulin. decr blood glucose
- dominate islets

66
Q

diabetic islet

A

beta cells greatly reduced

67
Q

Type I diabetes

A

immune system attacks beta cells

68
Q

Type II diabetes

A

may have hypersecretion of insulin, as body cells become insulin-resistant
- still have beta cells
- resistance caused by:
- decr in cell surf receptors
- downstream signalling defects

69
Q

hepatocytes

A

prominent:
- Euchromatin (transcribing)
- RER (plasma proteins)
- SER (detox)
- mitochondria
- glycogen granules

70
Q

hepatic portal triad

A

hepatic portal vein + hepatic artery + bile duct
- HPV + HA go into liver
- bile duct goes out of liver

71
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

drains GI and spleen, enters liver
- high in nutrients and bilirubin

72
Q

bilirubin

A

heme pigment breakdown, produced by spleen

73
Q

hepatic artery

A

abdominal aorta, entering liver
- High in O2

74
Q

bile ducts

A

drain exocrine prod (bile) from liver
- helps w lipid emulsification in small intestine

75
Q

venous sinusoids

A

in lobules, where hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries combine before heading to the hepatic vein

76
Q

hepatic veins

A

hepatic sinusoids -> central veins -> inferior vena cava

77
Q

hepatic lobules

A

blood comes in through portal triad at 6 points around central vein, flows in through sinusoids towards central vein
* sinusoids are not straight

78
Q

zone 1 hepatocytes

A

periportal, high nutr + O2
- gluconeogenesis
- urea synthesis

79
Q

zone 2 hepatocytes

A

pericentral, zone 3
- insulin/glucagon ratio
- glycolysis
- phase I drug metabolism

80
Q

hepatocyte - sinusoidal domain

A

empties into sub-sinusoidal space of disse
- endocrine products: plasma proteins + lipoproteins

81
Q

space of disse

A

space between hepatocyte basal membrane and sinusoidal lining cell

82
Q

hepatocyte - biliary domain

A

empties into bile canaliculi, closed by hepatocyte tight junctions
- drains to bile ducts
- Exocrine products: water soluble bilirubin, bile salts, cholesterol

83
Q

kupffer cells

A

macrophages patrolling hepatic sinusoids and space of disse

84
Q

liver stellate cells

A

in space of disse, make collagen, not large.
In liver injury: proliferate + make collagen, decr permeability at space of disse, backing up blood

85
Q

liver cirrhosis

A

inflammation: incr collagen and decr hepatocytes
- decr blood flow through sinusoids -> portal vein hypertension
- backs up veins that drain GI tract, can lead to venous swelling in anal canal (hemorrhaging)

86
Q

gall bladder - epi

A

simple columnar
- highly absorptive
- concentrates bile

87
Q

gall bladder - LP

A

highly vascular
- loose CT

88
Q

gall bladder - mucosa

A

highly folder
- no organization of villi/crypts

89
Q

gall bladder - muscularis

A

prominent smooth muscle beneath LP
- overlapping fibers
- peristalsis in response to CCK

90
Q

gall bladder - adventitia

A

dense CT

91
Q

gall stones

A

precipitation of bile (esp salts + cholesterol) => gall stones
- trapped in draining cystic duct

caps 390 (13 decks)

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