blood

Question 1

formed elements of blood

Answer 1

cells + platelets

Question 2

ECM of blood

Answer 2

plasma (liquid when not clotted)

Question 3

plasma

Answer 3

90% water
9% plasma proteins
1% dissolved ions and gases

Question 4

blood constituents

Answer 4

55% plasma
45% RBC (hematocrit)
<1% WBCs + platelets
lower O2, higher hematocrit
lower iron, lower hematocrit

Question 5

RBCs

Answer 5

transport hemoglobin (O2 and CO2)
- small enough to squeeze through closed capillaries
- biconcave shape: incr SA for gas exchange
- few cytoplasmic organelles, no nucleus
- carbonic anhydrase

Question 6

carbonic anhydrase

Answer 6

converts CO2 and H2O to bicarbonate ion, buffers plasma

Question 7

anemia

Answer 7

RBC deficiency
- metabolic: iron deficiency
- genetic: sickle cell

Question 8

hemoglobin

Answer 8

protein + iron/heme group, binds O2 and CO2

Question 9

RBC plasma membr + cytoskeleton

Answer 9

Plasma membr: 50% glycoprotein
Cytoskeleton: maintains shape and is flexible (capillaries)
- filamentous spectrin
- actin

Question 10

RBC destruction

Answer 10

120 day lifespan
- loss of cytoskeleton integrity -> slow and fragile in small vessels
- destroyed by spleen

Question 11

WBCs

Answer 11

function outside circulatory system
- exit via diapedesis
2 types: granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 12

granulocytes

Answer 12

innate immunity
- cytoplasmic granules, secretory vesicles

Question 13

neutrophils

Answer 13

most abundant WBCs
- multilobed nucleus
- granules (chromophobic), contain anti-bacterial enzymes
- live hrs in circulation, days in CT
- phagocytic
- generate pus when they swell and die after ingesting bacteria

Question 14

basophils

Answer 14

few, long lived (1-2 yrs in CT)
- amplify innate response
- granules with histamine (vasodilator), heparin (anti-coag)
- secrete chemoattractants

Question 15

anaphylactic shock

Answer 15

release of histamine from basophils + mast cells leads to swelling, low BV, constriction of bronchial tree
- counteracted by epinephrine: constricts blood vessels, relaxes bronchiolar smooth muscle

Question 16

eosinophils

Answer 16

cat eyed granules, 1-2 weeks
- mop up in late stages of innate + adpative resp
- phagocytoses + destroys neutralized antigens
- granules: major basic protein, histaminase

Question 17

major basic protein

Answer 17

permeabilizes parasite membranes
- released by eosinophils

Question 18

histaminase

Answer 18

dampens innate resp from basophils + mast cells

Question 19

agranulocytes

Answer 19

monocytes->macrophages, lymphocytes

Question 20

monocytes

Answer 20

largest blood cell, exits by diapedesis, diff into macrophages in CT
- kidney shaped nucleus

Question 21

macrophages

Answer 21

phagocytes, innate immune resp
- respond to foreign material
- APCs

Question 22

lymphocytes

Answer 22

Unactivated: round nucleus, pale cytoplasmic ring
B: Ab-mediated adaptive immunity
T: cell-mediated adaptive immunity

Question 23

platelets

Answer 23

cell fragments
- granules/secretory vesicles
- integrins + cytoskeleton
- prod by megakaryocytes in BM

Question 24

thrombospondin

Answer 24

released by activated platelets, increases platelet aggregation to generate platelet plug

Question 25

platelet factor 3

Answer 25

released by activated platelets
- facilitates clotting cascade to generate fibrin fibers from fibrinogen in plasma

Question 26

clotting + platelet plug

Answer 26

• platelets bind to sub-endothelial collagen in wounded blood vessels
• platelets activated by collagen binding + signals from wounded cells (vWF)
• platelets aggregate and release thrombospondin and platelet factor 3

Question 27

megakaryocytes

Answer 27

in BM, form platelets
- platelet demarcation channels: membr invaginations which fuse to create platelet fragments
- very large, polyploid nucleus