RESPIRATORY Flashcards
atmospheric air of lungs to blood
External
gases from blood to cell
Internal
the movement of the air into and out of
the lungs
Ventilation
Diffusion of gases across the cell
membrane
Respiration
Delivers oxygen to make ATP, ATP
get rids of toxic
Cellular Respiration
too much CO2
Acidic
too much O2
Alkalotic
Normal pH
7.35 – 7.45
Normal PaCO2
45-35
Normal HCO3
22-26
sinus can influence voice
Voice production
under cranial nerve I
Olfaction
covers all the mucus membrane
Protection
nasal down to the larynx
Upper respiratory tract
the one that is a visible structure &
composed of hyalin cartilage
External nose
nostrils
Nares
exterior opening to the pharynx
Choanae
separates the oral cavity & supported
by bone
Hard palate
increase the surface area of the mucosa
exposed to the air
Conchae
drain tears from the eyes & empty into the nasal cavities
Nasolacrimal duct
warms the air as it flows
Nasal cavity is lined with
respiratory mucosa
destroy bacteria
▪ Paranasal sinuses (maxillary, sphenoid,
ethmoid, frontal)
Lysozyme enzymes in the
mucus
muscular passageway about 13 cm
(5 inches)
Pharynx (throat)
superior portion from the pharynx
to the uvula
Nasopharynx
middle portion of the pharynx & the
superior of the larynx
Oropharynx
softer portion of the root of the mouth
Soft palate
behind the soft palate; can be felt
by the tongue
Hard palate
valve that closes the
nasopharynx off when you eat to prevent food from going up to the nasopharynx
Soft palate + uvula
covers superior larynx, epiglottis, esophagus
Laryngopharynx
acts like a lid that seals the airway off
when you’re eating
Epiglottis
also known as the voice box
Larynx
shield cartilage, Adam’s apple, both women and men have it
Thyroid cartilage
single piece cartilage, wherein the rest of the cartilage rest and lies
Cricoid cartilage
found in the superior boarded of the posterior cartilage, provides articulation
Arytenoid cartilage
contains the mucus membrane anterior to the corniculate cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage-
in between the cuneiform and arytenoid cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
houses the thyroid hormones
Parathyroid glands
Lower respiratory tract
- Trachea to alveoli
15-20 c-shaped rings made of hyaline
cartilage
Trachea
fight or flight; stimulates B2 adrenergic receptors to increase the diameter of the airways
Sympathetic nerves
rest & digest; stimulates muscarinic receptor to decrease diameter of the hair ways
Parasympathetic nerves
point where they split
Carina
Right lung has 3 lobes
upper lobe, middle lobe, lower lobe
Left lung has 2 lobes
upper lobe & lower lobe
secrete glycosaminoglycans
Club cells
it supplies each lobe of the lung that
is divided by fissures
Lumbar bronchi
tertiary bronchi
Segmental bronchi
– More smooth muscles, less cartilage
Bronchiole
More smooth muscles, no cartilage
Terminal bronchus
site of external respiration, over 500 million
alveoli are located in the lungs approximately 250 micrometer
Alveoli
protect the lungs from collapsing, air-water interface, reduce surface friction to keep the alveoli open, contains lipoprotein
Surfactant secreting cells
forms 90% of alveolar cells, most of the gas exchange occurs
Squamous epithelium cells
arise from the bronchus, door ways
to the alveoli (final destination of the inhaled air)
Alveolar duct
secretes surfactant; decreases
surface tension & keeps alveoli open;
regenerate & replace damaged cells
Type II
eat away the foreign particles
Alveolar macrophages
connects to more alveoli at the
end of the alveolar duct
Alveolar sacs
space enclosed by the Jurassic wall
and the
Thoracic cavity
occupy the entire thoracic activity; primary
organ for respiration
Lungs
lower portion, base portion of the lungs
Diaphragm
apex, upper portion of the lungs
Clavicle
– root of the lung
Helium
– located in the left lung, provides
room for the heart, 10 inches
Cardiac Notch
keeper of the heart, 10 inches
Left lung
– each pleural cavity houses each lung
Pleural cavity
– lines the thoracic cavity
Parietal pleura
surface of each lung is covered with its own visceral serosa
Visceral or pulmonary pleura
sum of 2 or more volumes
Capacity
diaphragm contracts
Inhale
Muscle relax
Exhale
➔ Air into and out of the lungs
Tidal volume (500 mL)
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled
beyond tidal expiration
Expiratory reverse volume (1100 mL at rest)
➔ Air still remaining in the respiratory passage and cannot be voluntarily expelled
➔ Allows gas exchange to go on continuously even between breaths and helps to keep the alveoli open (inflated)
Residual volume (1200 mL)
Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly above the tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume (3000 mL)
– summation of the 2-3 of the volumes
Pulmonary capacity
Inspiratory capacity
TV + IRV
Vital capacity
IRV + TV + ERV (4600 mL)
Total lung capacity
– RV + RRV + TV + IRV (5800 Ml)
Functional residual capacity
RV + ERV (2300 mL)
➔ Dorsal respiratory group
➔ Ventral respiratory group
Medulla respiratory center
establishing the rhythm of
the respirations
Pre-Botzinger complex
regulates respiratory rate
(12-16 cycles per minute)
Pontine respiratory group
more oxygen is in the lungs than the release of carbon dioxide
Hyperventilation
– decrease oxygen in the tissue
Hypoxia
decreased oxygen in the blood
Hypoxemia
controls the capacity in the lungs to not
over-inflate
Hering- Breur
– buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood
stream
Hypercapnia
– decreased in alveolar & blood carbon
dioxide
Hypocapnia
common type of pulmonary function or
breathing test
Spirometry
– diagnostic device that measures the
amount of air you’re able to breathe in and out
▪ Spirometer
– rapid breathing
Tachypnea
low breathing pattern
Bradypnea
groups of quick, shallow inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of
apnea (which is a temporary stop in breathing)
Biot’s breathing pattern
– stokes pattern – gradual increase in depth and sometimes speed of respiration (inhaling and exhaling), followed by a decrease resulting in temporary stop in breathing known as apnea
Cheyne
