ENDOCRINE Flashcards
controls the nutrient and
energy production
Metabolism
small gland, lies in the optic
chiasm, connects to the hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
appears more reddish because it is
surrounded by a high vascular membrane
Thyroid gland
composed of a simple ___
made up of lobes → isthmus – connects 2
lobes
Thyroid follicle
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
T3
Hypothyroidism
TSH
- Released in parapolicular cells in the
thyroid - Released when calcium in blood is
high - Used to lower down calcium level in
order to maintain blood level
Calcitonin
– very
essential in regulation of calcium /
ensure there is a reabsorption of
calcium into the bones / storehouse
of vitamin D /
Parathyroid gland
superior portion of the kidneys
Adrenal gland
inner part / storehouse of epinephrine (blood rate) and norepinephrine (blood flow) / 80% epinephrine, 20%
norepinephrine / fight and flight responses
Adrenal medulla
outer part which is important when there is a foreign invasion
Adrenal cortex
regulates ion in the bloods through
aldestorone
Mineralocorticoids
a lover of water,
potassium x water
Sodium
provide energy for the cell by stimulating lipids → cortisol
Glucocorticoids
related to blood glucose level / WBC
Cortisol
responsible for the male secondary sex
Androgens
focuses on early pregnancy, ovulation, released during the proliferative phase
Estrogen
enlargement of the endometrial cells, maintains pregnancy and nutrition of the uterus, secretory phase
Progesterone
sex development of male, functions in maturation in permatocides
Testosterone
posterior portion of the
thalamus, pine cone shaped
Pineal gland
inhibits reproductive system, activates to stop luteinizing hormone in order to preserve uterus and ensure proper hormone exchange with the fetus, aids your sleep (sleep pill hormone)
Melatonin
sleep precursor, px with depression, manic depression = low serotonin
Serotonin
Hormones are set in motion. They are powerful molecules.
ENDOCRINOLOGY
non-polar, fatty acid derivative
hormone, needs protein to bind
Lipid soluble
– polar, can directly dissolve in
the blood and circulate freely, does not need protein to bind
Water soluble
secreted in the cells in a local
area, influences the same cell type it is
secreted from (ex. ecosanoids),
autoimmune, target is WBC
Autocrine
– produced in a wide variety tissue
secreted in the ECF, localized effect in the
tissue (ex. histamine), allergy and parasitic
invasion
Paracrine
secreted by the
neurons, secreted into a synaptic cleft, it is
only limited to travel in a short distance (ex.
acetylcholine, dopamine)
Neurotransmitters
secreted by a specialized cell,
travels to reach a tissue, coordination and
regulation of the body’s functionality
Endocrine
body fluids (ex. blood),
molecules and ions in the bloodstream (ex.
Insulin – released in the pancreas)
Humoral
involves neural stimuli,
neuropeptides – affects hypothalamus,
epinephrine and norepinephrine → fight or
flight response, anything that affects the
brain and the hypothalamus
Neutral
stimulates the hormones of
other hormones, anterior pituitary gland, an example is luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
Hormonal
– when the body sees
that there is a high level of hormones, it
would send signal to the brain opposite to
the stimuli
Negative feedback
– when the body diagnose decrease in the hormone, it would send signal to the brain in order to resuscitate that low level of hormone
Positive feedback
posterior to
hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary gland
– increase blood
glucose level, ATP, bones and
muscles, target organ is tissues
Growth hormone
follicle maturation, sperm production
for male, target organ is ovary
Follicle stimulating hormones
promotes ovulation, target is ovary
Luteinizing hormone
adrenal gland
ACTH
milk production, target is
mammary gland
Prolactin
skin pigmentation,
suppressing/depressing when using
whitening drugs, target is skin
MSH
increases uterine
contraction, helps mothers to contract
(at the peak), target is uterus and
mammary gland, release the breast
milk
Oxytocin
– diuresis → water
absorption/reabsorption, constriction
of blood vessels, target is kidney,
used when there is water retention
ADH
decreases the calcium in
the blood, has an effect in the
increase of calcium in the bone
Calcitonin
– brings the calcium going to the
bones, important in osteoclast
formation, maintenance of calcium bc
of the presence of vitamin D
PH
sleep and inhibit the
reproduction, target is hypothalamus
Melatonin
dilutional hyponatremia → bc of
overaccumulation of fluid/sodium, the only
case that the priority of the px is decreasing
sodium
Siadh
the px is experience a decreased ADH
Diabetic Insipidus
going up, high,
Cushings
going down, low vital signs
Addisons
High T3, T4
low TSH
Normal T3
1.2 to 3.4
Normal T4
64 to 105
Normal TSH
4 to 5.2
polyurinating, heat
intolerance
Hyperthyroidism
cold intolerance,
Hypothyroidism
cannot be prevented, more on
genetics, insulin, DKA
Type I
secondary to your lifestyle, obesity, high glucose cannot be compensated with insulin (last resort), medication = OHA
Type II
Normal glucose level
80 to 100
110
prediabetic
120
diabetic
blood pH is acidic, requires isotonic
solutions and IV insulin
DKA
blood pH is normal, insulin
HHS
