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Anatomy and Physiology > CARDIOVASCULAR > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR Flashcards

1
Q

Also known as circulatory system

A

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

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2
Q

transport blood from the right
ventricle from the heart to the lungs to the right atrium

A

Pulmonary

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3
Q

carries oxygenated blood from the
lungs all throughout the body

A

systematic oxygenated blood

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4
Q

transport deoxygenated blood

A

pulmonary deoxygenated blood

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5
Q

Regulated BP

A

➔ 120/80 normal

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6
Q

Elevated BP

A

➔ 129/80 elevated

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7
Q

medial partition of the heart, trachea,
& esophagus

A

Mediastinum

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8
Q

directed toward the left hip & rests on the
diaphragm (5th intercostal space)

A

Apex

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9
Q

where the great vessels of the body emerge, points toward the right shoulder & lies beneath the 2nd rib

A

Base

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10
Q

Reservoir for blood

A

Atria

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11
Q

reservoir for super vena cava
(Funnels blood from the upper ___), superior vena cana, coronary sinus

A

Right atrium

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12
Q

right pulmonary veins, left pulmonary

A

Left atrium

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13
Q

separated the 2 chambers

A

Interatrial septum

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14
Q

cone-shaped, pumping chamber that
ejects blood going to arteries

A

Ventricle

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15
Q

pumps blood into the aorta / aortic
arch. Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs

A

Left ventricle

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16
Q

➔ Sac that encloses the heart
➔ Made up of 3 layers: an outer fibrous layer & an inner serous membrane pair

A

Pericardium

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17
Q

➔ Loosely fitting superficial of the sac
➔ Protects the heart & anchors it to surrounding structures, such as diaphragm & sternum

A

Fibrous pericardium

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18
Q

Slippery & two-layered

A

Serous pericardium

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19
Q

➔ Parietal layer of the serous pericardium
➔ Lines the interior of the fibrous pericardium
➔ At the superior aspect of the heart, this layer attaches to the large arteries leaving the heart & makes a U-turn & continuous inferiorly over the heart surface as the visceral layer

A

Parietal pericardium

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20
Q

➔ Innermost layer of the pericardium & outermost layer of the heart wall
➔ Lubricating serous fluid is produced by the serous pericardial membranes & collects in the pericardial cavity between the serous layers
➔ Fluid allows the heart to beat easily
➔ Protects the inner layers of the heart
➔ Contains coronary vessels

A

Epicardium

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21
Q

supply blood to the heart

A

Coronary sinus

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22
Q

– accumulation of fluid

A

Cardiac tamponade

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23
Q

– middle layer
➔ The one that contracts & pumps the blood
➔ Consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted & whorled into ring-like arrangements
➔ Gap junctions – intercalated discs allow ions to flow from cell to cell carrying a wave of
excitement across the heart
➔ Reinforced internally by a network of dense fibrous connective tissue called the “skeleton of the heart”

A

Myocardium

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24
Q

inner layer
➔ Thin, glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers
➔ Continuous with the linings of the blood vessels leaving & entering the heart
➔ Move blood inside the blood

A

Endocardium

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25
Q

▪ Guards the bases of the 2 large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers
▪ Both has 3 cusps
▪ Pulmonic - Connected
directly to the right ventricle

A

Semilunar valve

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26
Q
  • Located at the left ventricle
    Atrioventricular valve
A

Aortic

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27
Q

– left AV valve; has 2 cusps

A

Tricuspid

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28
Q

Provides solid support to the atrioventricular valve and semilunar valve Ao

A

Cardiac skeleton

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29
Q

– blood to the heart (deoxygenated)

A

Vein

30
Q

carries the blood from the upper
extremities to the right atrium

A

Superior vena cava

31
Q

caries the blood from the lower
extremities going to your heart

A

Inferior vena cava

32
Q

Has 4 pulmonary veins – to the lungs to the right atrium

A
  1. Jugular
  2. Subclavian
  3. Hepatic
  4. Renal
  5. Iliac
33
Q

Artery

A

blood away heart (oxygenated)

34
Q

carries deoxygenated blood to the
lungs, right ventricle

A

Pulmonary artery

35
Q

– rising from the right ventricle; branches off the small arteries

A

Aorta

36
Q

– divided into 3 branches

A

Coronary artery

37
Q

– drains the myocardium

A

Cardiac veins

38
Q

➔ where it is emptied into an enlarged vessel on the posterior of the heart
➔ then empties it into the right atrium

A

Coronary sinus

39
Q

arteries that move further to the heart

A

Arterioles

40
Q

center for diffusion and gas exchange

A

Capillaries

41
Q

– where you get your heart rate
➔ 5th intercostal space (space between the rib cage)
➔ Can be located in the midclavicular line

A

Apex of the heart

42
Q

➔ Act likes brakes & gas pedals to decrease or increase the heart rate, depending on which division is activated

A

Nerves of the ANS

43
Q

Intrinsic conduction system or nodal system
➔ Built into the heart tissue & sets its basic rhythm
➔ Composed of a special tissue found nowhere else in the body (cross between muscle tissue & nervous tissue)

A

Intrinsic conduction system or nodal system

44
Q

➔ Cardiac muscle fibers
➔ Initiation and conduction of cardiac impulses
➔ Electrical conduction of the hear

A

Cardiac conduction

45
Q

➔ Located in the right atrium
➔ Often called the Pacemaker
➔ Contains a large amount of calcium channels
➔ Fastest rate of depolarization in the whole system

A

SA node / sinoatrial node

46
Q

➔ Send nodes slowly to the
➔ Electrical gateway
➔ Receives signals from the SA node then delivers to AB

A

AV node / atrioventricular node

47
Q

Split between Right & left bundle branch

A

Bundles of his / atrioventricular bundle

48
Q

➔ Spread within the myocardium of the ventricle walls
➔ Tip of the left & right bundle branch
➔ Passes to the apex of the heart (contraction)
➔ Spread through ventricular myocardium

A

Purkinje fiber

49
Q

speed of conduction

A

0.11 secs

50
Q

rapid heart rate (>100 bpm)
➔ Prolonged tachycardia may progress to fibrillation

A

Tachycardia

51
Q

slow heart rate (<60 bpm)

A

Bradycardia

52
Q

irregular

A

Arrythmia

53
Q

composite recording of all action potential,
corresponds to the cardiac electrical cycle

A

ECG

54
Q

reflects atrial depolarization (activation)

A

P-wave

55
Q

distance between the onset of the P wave to the onset of the QRS complex

A

PR interval

56
Q

flat line between the end of the P-wave
and the onset of the QRS complex

A

PR segment

57
Q

represents the depolarization
(activation) of the ventricles

A

QRS complex

58
Q

segment corresponds to the plateau phase of the action potential

A

ST

59
Q

reflects the rapid repolarization of contractile cells

A

T-wave

60
Q

positive wave occurring after the T-wave
▪ Individuals with prominent T-waves, as well as those with slow heart rates, display U-waves more often

A

U-wave –

61
Q

QT duration – reflects the total duration of ventricular depolarization and repolarization
▪ Measured from the onset of the QRS complex to the end of the T-wave

A

QT duration

62
Q

where the assessment of the ECG
interpretation usually starts with
▪ Small, positive, and smooth wave

A

P-wave

63
Q

Average heartbeat is

A

75/bmp

64
Q

during contract & pump the blood out of the
heart, required in order to pump out blood

A

Systole

65
Q

occurs in the ventricles
when there’s a relaxation after a contraction and refilling of the blood; pressure when the heart is at the
resting stage Phases

A

Diastole / diastolic pressure

66
Q

when there’s an atrial contraction
forces that causes to open the mitral valve; beginningof systolic pressure

A

Atrial systole

67
Q

emissions, contraction

A

Ventricular systole 1st phase

68
Q

de-contraction, increases the contraction to push the blood in the pulmonary tract to the aorta (peak of the contraction

A

Ventricular systole 2nd phase

69
Q

– pressure in the ventricle begins to

A

Ventricular diastole (early phase)

70
Q

decrease its pressure & there’s a ventricular relaxation; atrial valve opens
▪ Blood will move back to the arteriole systole, then repeat

A

Ventricular diastole (late)

71
Q

SA node causes a P-wave; longer delay of the AV Node, this will cause a condition called heart block

A

Atrial fibrillation

72
Q

SV closes

A

Diastolic pressure

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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