CARDIOVASCULAR Flashcards by MarianFrenchesca Asistin

Also known as circulatory system

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

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transport blood from the right
ventricle from the heart to the lungs to the right atrium

Pulmonary

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carries oxygenated blood from the
lungs all throughout the body

systematic oxygenated blood

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transport deoxygenated blood

pulmonary deoxygenated blood

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Regulated BP

➔ 120/80 normal

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Elevated BP

➔ 129/80 elevated

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medial partition of the heart, trachea,
& esophagus

Mediastinum

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directed toward the left hip & rests on the
diaphragm (5th intercostal space)

Apex

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where the great vessels of the body emerge, points toward the right shoulder & lies beneath the 2nd rib

Base

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Reservoir for blood

Atria

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reservoir for super vena cava
(Funnels blood from the upper ___), superior vena cana, coronary sinus

Right atrium

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right pulmonary veins, left pulmonary

Left atrium

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separated the 2 chambers

Interatrial septum

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cone-shaped, pumping chamber that
ejects blood going to arteries

Ventricle

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pumps blood into the aorta / aortic
arch. Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs

Left ventricle

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➔ Sac that encloses the heart
➔ Made up of 3 layers: an outer fibrous layer & an inner serous membrane pair

Pericardium

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➔ Loosely fitting superficial of the sac
➔ Protects the heart & anchors it to surrounding structures, such as diaphragm & sternum

Fibrous pericardium

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Slippery & two-layered

Serous pericardium

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➔ Parietal layer of the serous pericardium
➔ Lines the interior of the fibrous pericardium
➔ At the superior aspect of the heart, this layer attaches to the large arteries leaving the heart & makes a U-turn & continuous inferiorly over the heart surface as the visceral layer

Parietal pericardium

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➔ Innermost layer of the pericardium & outermost layer of the heart wall
➔ Lubricating serous fluid is produced by the serous pericardial membranes & collects in the pericardial cavity between the serous layers
➔ Fluid allows the heart to beat easily
➔ Protects the inner layers of the heart
➔ Contains coronary vessels

Epicardium

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supply blood to the heart

Coronary sinus

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– accumulation of fluid

Cardiac tamponade

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– middle layer
➔ The one that contracts & pumps the blood
➔ Consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted & whorled into ring-like arrangements
➔ Gap junctions – intercalated discs allow ions to flow from cell to cell carrying a wave of
excitement across the heart
➔ Reinforced internally by a network of dense fibrous connective tissue called the “skeleton of the heart”

Myocardium

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inner layer
➔ Thin, glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers
➔ Continuous with the linings of the blood vessels leaving & entering the heart
➔ Move blood inside the blood

Endocardium

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▪ Guards the bases of the 2 large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers ▪ Both has 3 cusps ▪ Pulmonic - Connected directly to the right ventricle

Semilunar valve

- Located at the left ventricle Atrioventricular valve

Aortic

– left AV valve; has 2 cusps

Tricuspid

Provides solid support to the atrioventricular valve and semilunar valve Ao

Cardiac skeleton

– blood to the heart (deoxygenated)

Vein

carries the blood from the upper extremities to the right atrium

Superior vena cava

caries the blood from the lower extremities going to your heart

Inferior vena cava

Has 4 pulmonary veins – to the lungs to the right atrium

1. Jugular 2. Subclavian 3. Hepatic 4. Renal 5. Iliac

Artery

blood away heart (oxygenated)

carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, right ventricle

Pulmonary artery

– rising from the right ventricle; branches off the small arteries

Aorta

– divided into 3 branches

Coronary artery

– drains the myocardium

Cardiac veins

➔ where it is emptied into an enlarged vessel on the posterior of the heart ➔ then empties it into the right atrium

Coronary sinus

arteries that move further to the heart

Arterioles

center for diffusion and gas exchange

Capillaries

– where you get your heart rate ➔ 5th intercostal space (space between the rib cage) ➔ Can be located in the midclavicular line

Apex of the heart

➔ Act likes brakes & gas pedals to decrease or increase the heart rate, depending on which division is activated

Nerves of the ANS

Intrinsic conduction system or nodal system ➔ Built into the heart tissue & sets its basic rhythm ➔ Composed of a special tissue found nowhere else in the body (cross between muscle tissue & nervous tissue)

Intrinsic conduction system or nodal system

➔ Cardiac muscle fibers ➔ Initiation and conduction of cardiac impulses ➔ Electrical conduction of the hear

Cardiac conduction

➔ Located in the right atrium ➔ Often called the Pacemaker ➔ Contains a large amount of calcium channels ➔ Fastest rate of depolarization in the whole system

SA node / sinoatrial node

➔ Send nodes slowly to the ➔ Electrical gateway ➔ Receives signals from the SA node then delivers to AB

AV node / atrioventricular node

Split between Right & left bundle branch

Bundles of his / atrioventricular bundle

➔ Spread within the myocardium of the ventricle walls ➔ Tip of the left & right bundle branch ➔ Passes to the apex of the heart (contraction) ➔ Spread through ventricular myocardium

Purkinje fiber

speed of conduction

0.11 secs

rapid heart rate (>100 bpm) ➔ Prolonged tachycardia may progress to fibrillation

Tachycardia

slow heart rate (<60 bpm)

Bradycardia

irregular

Arrythmia

composite recording of all action potential, corresponds to the cardiac electrical cycle

ECG

reflects atrial depolarization (activation)

P-wave

distance between the onset of the P wave to the onset of the QRS complex

PR interval

flat line between the end of the P-wave and the onset of the QRS complex

PR segment

represents the depolarization (activation) of the ventricles

QRS complex

segment corresponds to the plateau phase of the action potential

reflects the rapid repolarization of contractile cells

T-wave

positive wave occurring after the T-wave ▪ Individuals with prominent T-waves, as well as those with slow heart rates, display U-waves more often

U-wave –

QT duration – reflects the total duration of ventricular depolarization and repolarization ▪ Measured from the onset of the QRS complex to the end of the T-wave

QT duration

where the assessment of the ECG interpretation usually starts with ▪ Small, positive, and smooth wave

P-wave

Average heartbeat is

75/bmp

during contract & pump the blood out of the heart, required in order to pump out blood

Systole

occurs in the ventricles when there’s a relaxation after a contraction and refilling of the blood; pressure when the heart is at the resting stage Phases

Diastole / diastolic pressure

when there’s an atrial contraction forces that causes to open the mitral valve; beginningof systolic pressure

Atrial systole

emissions, contraction

Ventricular systole 1st phase

de-contraction, increases the contraction to push the blood in the pulmonary tract to the aorta (peak of the contraction

Ventricular systole 2nd phase

– pressure in the ventricle begins to

Ventricular diastole (early phase)

decrease its pressure & there’s a ventricular relaxation; atrial valve opens ▪ Blood will move back to the arteriole systole, then repeat

Ventricular diastole (late)

SA node causes a P-wave; longer delay of the AV Node, this will cause a condition called heart block

Atrial fibrillation

SV closes

Diastolic pressure