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CMS > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

How can pH receptors monitor blood gas level

A

CO2 dissolved will form carbonic acid, the higher the conc the greater the blood acidity

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2
Q

Define asthma

A

episodic bronchoconstriction caused by inflammation

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3
Q

What can trigger an asthma attack?

A

(exacerbated by NSAIDS)
cold weather, air pollution, exercise, beta blockers, infections

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4
Q

Name the stepwise drug prevention in asthmatics

A

Reliever inhaler, preventative inhaler, Leukotriene receptor antagonist, MART (maintenance and reliever therapy)

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5
Q

What is the pharmacology behind the reliever inhaler?

A

Salbutamol, beta-2 angonist, relaxes smooth muscle to dilate airways

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6
Q

common side effect of salbutamol

A

systemic action of muscle dilation can cause palpitations

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7
Q

Describe pharmacology behind the preventative asthma inhaler

A

Corticosteroid to reduce inflammation, can lead to oral thrush if mouth not washed after used
prevents leukotriene release from mast cells

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8
Q

What is COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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9
Q

What are the two conditions in COPD

A

Emphysema and chronic Bronchitis

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10
Q

what is emphysema

A

damage to wall of alveoli, causing them to merge and a loss of SA for gas exchange

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11
Q

What is chronic bronchitis

A

excess mucus production caused by hypertrophy of mucus producing cells to try and protect against an irritant (smoking) > long term inflammation

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12
Q

symptoms of COPD

A

Breathlessness, wheeze, cough, fatigue, recurring lung infections

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13
Q

what can happen in severe COPD

A

purse lips, long term oxygen therapy, barrel chested, tissue damage can cause increased resistance and RHS heart failure > odema

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14
Q

Define Type 1 hypoxia

A

Gas exchange impairment: Low O2 saturation but normal CO2 levels in blood
e.g not enough oxygen

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15
Q

Define Type 2 hypoxia

A

hypercapnia, high CO2 levels due to difficulty ventilating air in and out of lungs
e.g too much CO2

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16
Q

what is hypoxic drive

A

body adapts to chronically lower O2 levels by changing to regulate respiration using CO2 receptors instead

17
Q

How to manage hyperventilation

A

limit airflow through nostril breathing, slow breathing
encourage drinking to slow down breathing
coach pt to breathe through pursed lips

18
Q

What is obstructive sleep apnea and what causes it

A

upper airway obstruction when sleeping - obese patients

19
Q

what is the management of obstructive sleep apnoea

A

CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure machine), mandibular advancement prostheses to hold the tongue forwards

20
Q

what is the definition and prognosis of fibrotic lung disease

A

lung tissue becomes scarred and fibrous, irreversible with poor long term prognosis

21
Q

what are the causes of fibrotic lung disease

A

drug use, autoimmmune disease, exposure to toxins (e.g asbestos, silica)

22
Q

which respiratory tract infection can lead to pneumonia?

A

Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI)

23
Q

what is the anatomical point separating upper and lower respiratory tract infections?

A

the larynx

24
Q

define pneumonia

A

infection of the lung functional tissue (parenchyma), obstructing exchange through inflammation and pathogens filling inside of alveoli

25
Q

what does green/yellow sputum incidate

A

bacteria present in mucus

26
Q

how is Legionnaire’s disease caught and what are the symptoms

A

symptoms of pneumonia, caused by legionella bacteria present in stagnant water

27
Q

what is bronchiectasis and what are the symptoms

A

dilation, widening of bronchioles caused by genetics or damaging from cyclic infections
Symptoms: cough, breathlessness, chronic hypoxia, coughing of blood, finger clubbing

28
Q

specific symptoms of lung and laryngeal cancer

A

new cough that won’t shift, haemoptysis, wheeze, stridor, breathlessness, chronic chest pain

29
Q

what is Horner’s syndrome

A

Tumour at the superior apex of lung, causing nerve compression that leads to lack of sweating, unilateral droopy eyelid (Ptosis)

CMS (15 decks)

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