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CMS > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

Describe the position of the Tricuspid valve

A

Between the right atria and right ventricle

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2
Q

Describe the position of the mitral valve

A

aka Bicuspid, between the left atria and left ventricle

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3
Q

what happens during dystole

A

Atrio-ventricular valves open, aortic + pulmonary valves close, blood flows from atria to ventricles

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4
Q

What happens during systole

A

atria contract, AV valves close, atria refil, ventricles contract, blood flows out of the heart

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5
Q

what is the Frank Starling mechanism

A

That the heart adapts so it can always pump the amount of returned blood onwards (greater it stretches, the more efficiently it can contract)

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6
Q

what is associated with a P wave on an ECG

A

atrial contration

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7
Q

what is happening during the QRS complex on an ECG

A

ventricular depolarisation and contraction

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8
Q

what is a normal resting HR

A

60-100bpm

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9
Q

define tachycardia

A

a heart rate over 100bpm (resting)

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10
Q

define bradycardia

A

a heart rate below 60bpm

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11
Q

which receptors does adrenaline act on to increase cardiac output

A

Beta-1

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12
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output

A

Heart rate x Stroke volume

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13
Q

how does the heart balance blood pressure over the long term

A

Renin-angiotensin system

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14
Q

what does renin do when released by the ____

A

Kidneys, converts angiotensin into angiotensin 1

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15
Q

what converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2

A

ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

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16
Q

Describe mechanism of angiotensin 2

A

stimulates aldosterone, which stimulates sodium ions and water re-absorption to increase BP

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17
Q

Parameters for stage 1 hypertension

A

BP 135/85 <-> 149/94

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18
Q

Consequences of hypertension

A

increased blood pressure through greater peripheral resistance, heart failure, damaging organs with delicate vasculature, chronic kidney disease

19
Q

suffix for ACE inhibitors

A

-pril

20
Q

Side effects from ACE inhibitors

A

dry cough, angioedema (sudden swelling)

21
Q

Mechanism of Beta Blockers and an example name

A

Propanolol - blocks actions of adrenaline (sympathetic pathway) - stops renin release

22
Q

name a systemic complication of hypertension that could happen during dentistry

A

postural hypotension - get them to sit up slowly, and L.A>sedation

23
Q

Define Acute Cardiac Ischaemia

A

Reduced perfusion to the coronary artery

24
Q

causes of ACI (acute cardiac ischaemia)

A

embolism, severe hypotension, very severe anaemia

25
Q

what is the management for an ACI

A

emergency > 999, GTN, aspirin
long term > vessel replacement, stents, long-term statins, beta-blockers and ACE-inhibitors

26
Q

Define Acute coronary syndrome

A

(A heart attack)
A group of symptoms caused by a severe restriction of blood flow to the coronary arteries

27
Q

Define peripheral valvular disease

A

Reduction in perfusion of peripheral tissues

28
Q

What is the name for peripheral valvular disease in the legs

A

Claudication

29
Q

How do you check for crtical ischaemia in the periphery?

A

ABI - (ankle BP) / (Arm BP)

30
Q

What is an aneurysm, and what does it cause?

A

Balloon of of the arteries, caused by a weakness in vessel walls that causes turbulent blood flow

31
Q

signs and symptoms of an embolism

A

sudden shortness of breath, hypoxia, tachycardic, ‘plueritic’ (stabbing) chest pain

32
Q

Name 3 causes of an arrythmia

A

congenital, scar tissue, electrolyte imbalance

33
Q

what is ventricular escape

A

impulse created when conduction system fails, ventricles self-generate electrical discharge to keep the heart going at around 40bpm

34
Q

Define atrial fibrillation

A

heart rhythm originating somewhere in atria but not from the SA node

35
Q

What are the long term treatments needed for AF patients?

A

atria turbulent blood = significant stroke risk = anticoagulants

36
Q

What are the 4 classes of anti-dysrhythmic medication

A

Class 1: stabilise cell membrane
Class 2: Beta Blockers
Class 3: act of potassium channels (amiodarone)
Class 4: calcium channel blockers

37
Q

what causes a vasovagal syncope?

A

Overreaction from vagus nerve, tanking the BP and HR

38
Q

What is the cause of mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic Fever

39
Q

what is the difference between Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart disease

A

Rheumatoid fever is a systemic, acute condition causing inflammation, Rheumatic heart disease is the chronic disease resulting from the damage caused by RF

40
Q

What is Rheumatic Fever

A

Acute, multi-system autoimmune inflammatory disease caused after a group A strept. infection

41
Q

What is Rheumatic Heart Disease

A

valvular heart disease resulting from the valve damage from acute rheumatic fever

42
Q

which heart medications can cause lichenoid reactions?

A

thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers

43
Q

Name a condition that contra-indicates using Beta Blockers

A

ASTHMA

CMS (15 decks)

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