Cardiovascular Flashcards
Describe the position of the Tricuspid valve
Between the right atria and right ventricle
Describe the position of the mitral valve
aka Bicuspid, between the left atria and left ventricle
what happens during dystole
Atrio-ventricular valves open, aortic + pulmonary valves close, blood flows from atria to ventricles
What happens during systole
atria contract, AV valves close, atria refil, ventricles contract, blood flows out of the heart
what is the Frank Starling mechanism
That the heart adapts so it can always pump the amount of returned blood onwards (greater it stretches, the more efficiently it can contract)
what is associated with a P wave on an ECG
atrial contration
what is happening during the QRS complex on an ECG
ventricular depolarisation and contraction
what is a normal resting HR
60-100bpm
define tachycardia
a heart rate over 100bpm (resting)
define bradycardia
a heart rate below 60bpm
which receptors does adrenaline act on to increase cardiac output
Beta-1
how do you calculate cardiac output
Heart rate x Stroke volume
how does the heart balance blood pressure over the long term
Renin-angiotensin system
what does renin do when released by the ____
Kidneys, converts angiotensin into angiotensin 1
what converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)
Describe mechanism of angiotensin 2
stimulates aldosterone, which stimulates sodium ions and water re-absorption to increase BP
Parameters for stage 1 hypertension
BP 135/85 <-> 149/94
Consequences of hypertension
increased blood pressure through greater peripheral resistance, heart failure, damaging organs with delicate vasculature, chronic kidney disease
suffix for ACE inhibitors
-pril
Side effects from ACE inhibitors
dry cough, angioedema (sudden swelling)
Mechanism of Beta Blockers and an example name
Propanolol - blocks actions of adrenaline (sympathetic pathway) - stops renin release
name a systemic complication of hypertension that could happen during dentistry
postural hypotension - get them to sit up slowly, and L.A>sedation
Define Acute Cardiac Ischaemia
Reduced perfusion to the coronary artery
causes of ACI (acute cardiac ischaemia)
embolism, severe hypotension, very severe anaemia
what is the management for an ACI
emergency > 999, GTN, aspirin
long term > vessel replacement, stents, long-term statins, beta-blockers and ACE-inhibitors
Define Acute coronary syndrome
(A heart attack)
A group of symptoms caused by a severe restriction of blood flow to the coronary arteries
Define peripheral valvular disease
Reduction in perfusion of peripheral tissues
What is the name for peripheral valvular disease in the legs
Claudication
How do you check for crtical ischaemia in the periphery?
ABI - (ankle BP) / (Arm BP)
What is an aneurysm, and what does it cause?
Balloon of of the arteries, caused by a weakness in vessel walls that causes turbulent blood flow
signs and symptoms of an embolism
sudden shortness of breath, hypoxia, tachycardic, ‘plueritic’ (stabbing) chest pain
Name 3 causes of an arrythmia
congenital, scar tissue, electrolyte imbalance
what is ventricular escape
impulse created when conduction system fails, ventricles self-generate electrical discharge to keep the heart going at around 40bpm
Define atrial fibrillation
heart rhythm originating somewhere in atria but not from the SA node
What are the long term treatments needed for AF patients?
atria turbulent blood = significant stroke risk = anticoagulants
What are the 4 classes of anti-dysrhythmic medication
Class 1: stabilise cell membrane
Class 2: Beta Blockers
Class 3: act of potassium channels (amiodarone)
Class 4: calcium channel blockers
what causes a vasovagal syncope?
Overreaction from vagus nerve, tanking the BP and HR
What is the cause of mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic Fever
what is the difference between Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart disease
Rheumatoid fever is a systemic, acute condition causing inflammation, Rheumatic heart disease is the chronic disease resulting from the damage caused by RF
What is Rheumatic Fever
Acute, multi-system autoimmune inflammatory disease caused after a group A strept. infection
What is Rheumatic Heart Disease
valvular heart disease resulting from the valve damage from acute rheumatic fever
which heart medications can cause lichenoid reactions?
thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers
Name a condition that contra-indicates using Beta Blockers
ASTHMA
