Cardiovascular

Question 1

Describe the position of the Tricuspid valve

Answer 1

Between the right atria and right ventricle

Question 2

Describe the position of the mitral valve

Answer 2

aka Bicuspid, between the left atria and left ventricle

Question 3

what happens during dystole

Answer 3

Atrio-ventricular valves open, aortic + pulmonary valves close, blood flows from atria to ventricles

Question 4

What happens during systole

Answer 4

atria contract, AV valves close, atria refil, ventricles contract, blood flows out of the heart

Question 5

what is the Frank Starling mechanism

Answer 5

That the heart adapts so it can always pump the amount of returned blood onwards (greater it stretches, the more efficiently it can contract)

Question 6

what is associated with a P wave on an ECG

Answer 6

atrial contration

Question 7

what is happening during the QRS complex on an ECG

Answer 7

ventricular depolarisation and contraction

Question 8

what is a normal resting HR

Answer 8

60-100bpm

Question 9

define tachycardia

Answer 9

a heart rate over 100bpm (resting)

Question 10

define bradycardia

Answer 10

a heart rate below 60bpm

Question 11

which receptors does adrenaline act on to increase cardiac output

Answer 11

Beta-1

Question 12

how do you calculate cardiac output

Answer 12

Heart rate x Stroke volume

Question 13

how does the heart balance blood pressure over the long term

Answer 13

Renin-angiotensin system

Question 14

what does renin do when released by the ____

Answer 14

Kidneys, converts angiotensin into angiotensin 1

Question 15

what converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2

Answer 15

ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

Question 16

Describe mechanism of angiotensin 2

Answer 16

stimulates aldosterone, which stimulates sodium ions and water re-absorption to increase BP

Question 17

Parameters for stage 1 hypertension

Answer 17

BP 135/85 <-> 149/94

Question 18

Consequences of hypertension

Answer 18

increased blood pressure through greater peripheral resistance, heart failure, damaging organs with delicate vasculature, chronic kidney disease

Question 19

suffix for ACE inhibitors

Answer 19

-pril

Question 20

Side effects from ACE inhibitors

Answer 20

dry cough, angioedema (sudden swelling)

Question 21

Mechanism of Beta Blockers and an example name

Answer 21

Propanolol - blocks actions of adrenaline (sympathetic pathway) - stops renin release

Question 22

name a systemic complication of hypertension that could happen during dentistry

Answer 22

postural hypotension - get them to sit up slowly, and L.A>sedation

Question 23

Define Acute Cardiac Ischaemia

Answer 23

Reduced perfusion to the coronary artery

Question 24

causes of ACI (acute cardiac ischaemia)

Answer 24

embolism, severe hypotension, very severe anaemia

Question 25

what is the management for an ACI

Answer 25

emergency > 999, GTN, aspirin long term > vessel replacement, stents, long-term statins, beta-blockers and ACE-inhibitors

Question 26

Define Acute coronary syndrome

Answer 26

(A heart attack) A group of symptoms caused by a severe restriction of blood flow to the coronary arteries

Question 27

Define peripheral valvular disease

Answer 27

Reduction in perfusion of peripheral tissues

Question 28

What is the name for peripheral valvular disease in the legs

Answer 28

Claudication

Question 29

How do you check for crtical ischaemia in the periphery?

Answer 29

ABI - (ankle BP) / (Arm BP)

Question 30

What is an aneurysm, and what does it cause?

Answer 30

Balloon of of the arteries, caused by a weakness in vessel walls that causes turbulent blood flow

Question 31

signs and symptoms of an embolism

Answer 31

sudden shortness of breath, hypoxia, tachycardic, 'plueritic' (stabbing) chest pain

Question 32

Name 3 causes of an arrythmia

Answer 32

congenital, scar tissue, electrolyte imbalance

Question 33

what is ventricular escape

Answer 33

impulse created when conduction system fails, ventricles self-generate electrical discharge to keep the heart going at around 40bpm

Question 34

Define atrial fibrillation

Answer 34

heart rhythm originating somewhere in atria but not from the SA node

Question 35

What are the long term treatments needed for AF patients?

Answer 35

atria turbulent blood = significant stroke risk = anticoagulants

Question 36

What are the 4 classes of anti-dysrhythmic medication

Answer 36

Class 1: stabilise cell membrane Class 2: Beta Blockers Class 3: act of potassium channels (amiodarone) Class 4: calcium channel blockers

Question 37

what causes a vasovagal syncope?

Answer 37

Overreaction from vagus nerve, tanking the BP and HR

Question 38

What is the cause of mitral valve stenosis

Answer 38

Rheumatic Fever

Question 39

what is the difference between Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart disease

Answer 39

Rheumatoid fever is a systemic, acute condition causing inflammation, Rheumatic heart disease is the chronic disease resulting from the damage caused by RF

Question 40

What is Rheumatic Fever

Answer 40

Acute, multi-system autoimmune inflammatory disease caused after a group A strept. infection

Question 41

What is Rheumatic Heart Disease

Answer 41

valvular heart disease resulting from the valve damage from acute rheumatic fever

Question 42

which heart medications can cause lichenoid reactions?

Answer 42

thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers

Question 43

Name a condition that contra-indicates using Beta Blockers

Answer 43

ASTHMA