Hepatitis

Question 1

How many types of Hepatitis are there?

Answer 1

A = Faecal-oral
B = BBV
C = BBV
D = BBC (only with B, supercharges lethality)
E = Faecal-oral

Question 2

How did they find Hepatitis was infectious?

Answer 2

Yellow-fever vaccination (different disease) wasn’t storable in saline, so they used human serum [contaminated with hepatitis], caused an outbreak of hepatitis

Question 3

How is Hep A spread?

Answer 3

Faecal-oral
poor hygiene, unsafe water

Question 4

Describe the signs and symptoms of Hep A

Answer 4

14-28 day incubation
Jaundice, dark urine (raised billirubin levels, liver can’t process all broken down RBCs)
Fever, sickness, tiredness, joint and muscle pain

Question 5

Describe the recovery from a Hepatitis A infection

Answer 5

High likelihood to recover
Post infection, lifelong immunity

Question 6

Describe causes of Hepatitis B

Answer 6

BBV:
mother to child from birth
sexual transmission
IVDA (IV drug abuse)
Tattoo
Healthcare if not clean

Question 7

What happens after a Hepatitis B infection?

Answer 7

70% progress to systemic hepatitis
30% progress to asymptomatic lifelong carriers (always an infection risk)

Question 8

What are the signs and symptoms for symptomatic hepatitis B?

Answer 8

Malaise
Fever
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
anorexia, abdo pain
jaundice
arthralgia (pain in joint)

Question 9

what is the progression from symptomatic hepatitis?

Answer 9

• Recovery, moved to asymptomatic carrier
• Chronic hepatitis: cirrhosis, liver cancer
• ~1% just die of liver failure

Question 10

What are the different antigen structures of hepatitis B

Answer 10

• outer cell membrane = surface antigen
• surrounding RNA/DNA = Core antigen
• in the cytoplasm = E antigen

Question 11

Which Hep B antigen is used in its vaccine?

Answer 11

Hep B surface antigen

Question 12

How is hep B tested for?

Answer 12

Hep B surface antigen = vaccination
If you have serum E antigen or core antigen = shows you have had hepatitis in your system

Question 13

What type of Virus is HIV?

Answer 13

Human T-lymphocytic Retrovirus = affects the t lymphocytes, uses RNA instead of DNA as genetic material

Question 14

Describe HIV transmission

Answer 14

• Blood (needlesticks, contaminated blood)
• Bodily fluids
• mother to baby
• unprotected sex

Question 15

What happens during stage 1 of HIV infection?

Answer 15

2-4 weeks after inoculation
similar to hep B but without jaundice
Non-specific symptoms

Question 16

What happens during stage 2 of an HIV infection?

Answer 16

lasts months to years
largely asymptomatic
gradual degredation of immune system as virus is replicating

Question 17

What happens during stage 3 of an HIV infection

Answer 17

Your immune system is compromised to the point you gain Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome (AIDs)

Question 18

Which cells does HIV particularly target?

Answer 18

Cd4+ T cells = T helper cells (help fight infections)

Question 19

How do you mark the transition from HIV to AIDs?

Answer 19

AIDs = when CD4+ count is <200 per microlitre (low CD4+ count)
when you acquire non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Kaposi Sarcoma