Respiratory Flashcards
True or false. Inspiration is typically a passive and expiration is typically active.
False. During inspiration the diaphragm contracts, and the thoracic external intercostal muscles elevate the ribs, so inspiration is typically active.
During expiration these muscles relax = passive.
During inspiration, what changes occur in lung volume and pressure?
a. volume decreases, pressure decrease
b. volume decreases, pressure increases
c. volume increases, pressure decrease
d. volume increases, pressure increases
C - volume increases and pressure decreases.
During inspiration the diaphragm and thoracic external intercostal muscles contract and increase the intrathoracic volume.
This causes the intrathoracic pressure to fall below the atmosphere pressure so that air flows into the lung via the mouth and nose.
What muscles are involved in expiration?
a. diaphragm, external intercostals, abdominal
b. external intercostals, abdominal
c. internal intercostals, abdominal
d. internal intercostals, accessory, alae nasi
c. internal intercostals, abdominal
The relaxation of the diaphragm and the thoracic muscles, and the elastic recoil of the lungs are largely passive. The abdominal muscles assist in pushing the diaphragm upwards, and the internal intercostals pull the ribs down and inward.
Why is the trachea lined with mucus?
a. the mucus helps trap foreign particles before they can enter the lungs.
b. to aid in peristalsis.
c. to assist with swallowing.
d. to increase blood flow to the area.
a. Mucus traps foreign particles that have made it into the trachea, so that the ciliated cells on the wall of the trachea can use their periodic beating motion to gradually move the trapped particles up for clearance.
Carbon dioxide is transported by 3 methods. One is bound to bicarbonate ions, what is the other two?
dissolved in plasma
carried by haemoglobin.
How is Oxygen transported in the body?
Dissolved in plasma and bound to haemoglobin.
Adequate exchange of O2 for CO2 in living cells relies on ventilation of the lungs. There are three other parameters, what are they?
External respiration - diffiusion of gases between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries.
Perfusion of body tissues.
internal respiration - diffusion of gases between tissue capillaries and cells.
Which of the following stimulates the respiratory centre in the brain?
a. decreased CO2 levels.
b. Increased CO2 levels.
c. Increase O2 Levels
B - increased CO2 levels - this causes a decrease in blood pH and triggers chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid bodies. A high carbon dioxide level indicates hypoventilation, so the respiratory centre increases the rate and depth of ventilation.
What is lung complaince?
Is the ease in which the lungs can be inflated.
High complaince = easy inflation
low complaince = harder to inflate
What two factors determine lung compliance?
a. elasticity and alveolar surface tension.
b. size of the lungs and strength of muscle contraction
c. volume of the lungs and elasticity.
a. Elasticity and alveolar surface tension.
What is a disease that decrease lung compliance?
COPD
The residual volume left in the lung refers to the amount of air.
a. inhaled during quiet breathing.
b. left in the lungs after forceful expirations.
c. in the lungs when holding your breath.
d. that can be inhaled and exhaled.
B. left in the lungs after forceful expiration.
The anatomical dead space is?
a. air in the alveoli.
b. respiratory zone.
c. conducting zone.
d. air in the upper airways.
Conducting zone.
pAO2 refers to the oxygen in the?
a. alveoli
b. arterioles
c. venules
d. air
Alveloi
Beta-agonist drugs are similar to endogenous?
a. acetylcholine
b. thyroid hormone
c. adrenaline
d. corticosteroids
Adrenaline - are sympathetic nervous system stimulants.
