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Multi Choice Exam BN3 > Clinical / Disease Process > Flashcards

Clinical / Disease Process Flashcards

1
Q

What is disease?

A

Manifestation of pathology or pathophysiology in a person. It is a condition of abnormal functioning.

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2
Q

What is the difference between physiological and pathophysiological change in the body?

A

Physiological change - changes in organ systems.
Pathophysiological is a change in body function that results from disorder or disease.

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3
Q

Define syndrome.

A

Syndrome is a complexity of signs and symptoms from a common cause, producing a picture of a disease, usually the actual cause of the syndrome is unknown.

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4
Q

Define disorder.

A

Disorder disrupts or interferes with normal function or structure.

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5
Q

Define disease.

A

Specific term reserved for the characteristic or distinguishing features that correspond to a particular pathophysiological condition.

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6
Q

Disease can be classified by bodily region or system (topography). What are three others?

A

Organ or tissue - anatomy, pathology.
Function or effect - pathophysiology.
Cause - aetiology
Spread - epidemiology.

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7
Q

Infectious disease is one classification of disease that is dependent on cause. What are three others?

A

Deficiency disease.
Genetic disease.
Physiological disease.

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8
Q

Cell injury and death is one way of looking at the clinical models of health in a disease. What are four others?

A

Cell proliferation and differentiation - excess will result in tumours.
Inflammation, infection and immune defects -
Metabolic and nutritional disorder - abnormal chemical reaction in the body that alters the normal metabolic process.
Degeneration - is a continuous process in any tissue or organ where there is increasing deterioration over time.

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9
Q

What is acute inflammation, and how does it present?

A

Normal physiological process, will present as redness, heat, pain, swelling and loss of function.
Inflammatory mediators are released and they cause increased capillary permeability, vasodilation and leukocytes.

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10
Q

What is the 6 steps of chain infections?

A

Infectious agents
Reservoir
Portals of entry
Modes of transmission
Portals of exit
Susceptible host.

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11
Q

A missing enzyme or vitamin may cause a metabolic disease in a person. What are three others?

A

Abnormal chemical reactions.
A disease in the liver, pancreas, endocrine glands, or other organs involved in metabolism.
Nutritional deficiencies.

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12
Q

True or false. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease?

A

True.

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13
Q

What is an example of a genetic disorder, inherited disorder, mutation and developmental?

A

Genetic disorder
Inherited disorder - phenylketonuria, cystic fibrosis, sickel cell anaemia.
Mutation - Trisomy 16 / 21, cri-du-chat, Turner syndrome,
Developmental - Cleft palate

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14
Q

True or false. Benign tumours can be differentiated from malignant tumours because they have a capsule and the cells are well differentiated.

A

True.

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15
Q

Programmed cell death is called what?

A

Apoptosis.

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16
Q

What are three chemical mediators in the inflammatory process?

A

Prostaglandins, histamines, cytokines.

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17
Q

Risk factors contribute to the development of disease. What are two categories that we classify risk factors as?

A

Modifiable risk factors - you can take measures to change them, smoking, diet.
Non-modifiable risk factors - they cannot be changed, age, gender, ethnicity.

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18
Q

Define epidemiology.

A

Epidemiology is the study of distribution, prevalence, morbidity and mortality of disease.

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19
Q

What is the aetiology of influenza?

A

Biological

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20
Q

What are some risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A

DM, Hyperlipidaemia, obesity.

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21
Q

True or false. DM Type 1 and hypertension are non-modifiable risk factors for cerebrovascular accident (stroke).

A

False. DM and hypertension can be controlled and thus modifiable.

22
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

Sequence of events from the cause (aetiology) to the established disease. This is where the body can no longer maintain homeostasis and abnormal function starts.

23
Q

Define pathophysiology?

A

Altered physiology which affects cells or organ structure and function. It is the study of the mechanism of disease. It can occur at a local level or affect the entire body.

24
Q

The sequence in the pathophysiology of a lack of oxygen (hypoxaemia) to the tissue (hypoxia) results in?

A

Ischaemia, injury and infarction.

25
Q

What is the difference between subjective and objective data and why do we collect this information?

A

Subjective data - information obtained from patient or family.
Objective data - physical assessment.
We require this information to get a clinical picture of what is occurring.

26
Q

Vital signs are an intergral piece of information to make a diagnosis. What are three other processes that help this?

A

History - subjective data - allergies, previous illness, family history.
Physical assessment - pattern of observation, auscultation, palpation and percussion.
Investigations - support any previous findings, can include blood / urine tests, imaging or biopsy’s may be request.

27
Q

What is the difference between a medical and nursing diagnosis?

A

A nursing diagnosis is initiated by a nurse and describes a response to the medical diagnosis. A medical diagnosis is about medical condition/disease or injury.

28
Q

In a physical assessment, why might we do auscultation before palpation?

A

Auscultation is done before palpation to ensure the examiner is listening to undisturbed sounds. Also the patient’s pain might increase if we are palpating, affecting the assessment.

29
Q

If your patient has bronchoconstriction (pathophysiology), what will the clinical picture look like?

A

Wheezing.

30
Q

Principles of treatment are the same for most patients. One is to treat the cause, what is four others?

A

Monitor patient progress.
Implement a care plan
Prevent complications
Specific cares for the disease.

31
Q

What is the difference between a sign and symptom?

A

Sign is a measurement or recording - objective.
Symptom is more subjective indication - reported by the patient.

32
Q

Explain the difference between acute and chronic diseases.

A

Acute - develop quickly, lasts short period of time. Usually does not have long term adverse effects and not fatal, e.g. common cold.
Chronic - disease that usually lasts for a long period of time - often have long term effects on health, can be fatal, e.g. cancer.

33
Q

What is the clinical picture of inflammation?

A

Redness -hyperaemia
heat
pain
swelling
loss of function

34
Q

The nursing processes involves four components. One is clinical judgement, what are three others?

A

Clinical judgement
Critical thinking
Problem solving
Clinical decision making

35
Q

What is the nursing process?

A

Assessment
Evaluation
Implementation
Diagnosis
Planning

36
Q

What is the purpose of assessment in the nursing process?

A

Establish a baseline of information and establish patients ‘normal’. Assessment is done through objective and subjective.

37
Q

Initial assessment is one type of nursing assessment, what are three others?

A

Focused assessment / emergency and time lapsed assessment.

38
Q

What is the difference between medical and nursing diagnosis?

A

Nursing diagnosis - focuses on response to health / illness and treats problem within scope of practice.
Medical - identifies disease and physician directs treatment.

39
Q

What is a SMART goal?

A

S - Specific -
M - Measurable
A - Achievable
R - Relevant
T - Timebound

40
Q

All diseases are classified in the International Classification of Disease (IDC-11), given out by WHO. What classifies mental health disorders?

A

the Diagnostic and Statistical manual (DSM-5), given out by the American Society of Psychiatry.

41
Q

Infection is one component that can cause cell injury or death?

A

Can be caused by nutritional or chemical imbalance (lack of vit c or O2).
Physical agents
Extreme temp
Infection

42
Q

What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

A

Apoptosis - where the cell destroys itself, maintaining smooth functioning in the body.
Necrosis - accidental cell death occurring due to the uncontrolled external factors.

43
Q

What is cell proliferation? Excess cell proliferation can cause what in the body?

A

Cell proliferation is normal physiological process where the cell divides - mitosis. Excess cell proliferation results in tumours (neoplasms) these can be benign or malignant.

44
Q

What is the clinical picture of inflammation?

A

Redness
Heat
Pain
Swelling
Loss of function

45
Q

A degenerative disease is a continuous process where the organ will deteriorate over time. What is one example?

A

Alzheimer’s Disease where the cortex shrivels up and the ventricles filled with CSF grow larger.

46
Q

An example of genetic disorder due to mutation is _____ and an inherited disorder is _____.
a. trisomy 16 and cri-du-chat
b. cystic fibrosis and turner syndrome
c. cleft palate and phenylketonuria
d. trisomy 21 and sickel cell anaemia

A

D. trisomy 21 and sickel cell anaemia

47
Q

Why do people suffer from influenza so many times in their lives?
a. viruses mutate and there are many strains.
b. we are resistant to viruses.
c. we do not build immunity to viruses.
d. viruses only cause inflammation.

A

viruses mutate and there are many strains.

48
Q

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease where the key problem is a lack of?
a. glucose
b. insulin
c. glucagon
d. alpha cells

A

Insulin

49
Q

What of the following statements is true about osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee?
a. it is caused by overuse of the quadraceps.
b. it is present in all older people.
c. it can be reversed with medication.
d. it is a degenerative condition of the cartilage in the knee joint.

A

D. it is a degenerative condition of the cartilage in the knee joint.

50
Q

True or false. The incidence of CV disease is higher in younger men than in younger women.

A

True. Oestrogen protects women for CV disease before menopause.

51
Q

True or false. DM T1 and 1 hypertension are non-modifable risk factors for cerebrovascular accident (stroke).

A

False. DM and hypertension can be controlled, therefore they are modifiable.

52
Q

The sequence in the pathophysiology of lack of O2 (hypoxemia) to the tissue (hypoxia) results in:
a. necrosis, injury, ischaemia
b. injury, necrosis, ischaemia
c. ischaemia, injury, infarction
d. ischaemia, infarction, injury

A

c. ischaemia, injury, infarction
A lack of O2 (ischaemia) results in tissue injury which results in necrosis (infarction).

Multi Choice Exam BN3 (11 decks)

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