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Finals > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is bronchitis and how does it present?

A
  • Infection and subsequent inflammation of the bronchi

- Presents as cough, sore throat, wheezing etc.

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2
Q

How is bronchitis managed?

A
  • Fluids
  • Simple analgesia
  • Antibiotics for those at risk of complications (adults: 100mg doxycycline, children: amoxicillin 500mg)
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3
Q

Name some of the treatment options for an acute exacerbation of asthma

A
  • Oral prednisolone
  • SABA relievers
  • Nebulised bronchodilators salbutamol and ipratropium
  • Oxygen
  • IV magnesium sulphate
  • IV theophyllines
  • Antibiotics
  • Correct fluid and electrolyte disturbances
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4
Q

Which class of asthma medication is not used in children?

A

LAMA

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5
Q

What is the main treatment for otitis media?

A

Analgesia

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6
Q

How does croup present?

A
  • Coryza
  • Stridor
  • Hoarse voice
  • Barking cough
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7
Q

How is croup managed?

A

Oral dexamethasone

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8
Q

How does epiglottitis present?

A
  • Stridor
  • Drooling
  • Unwell child
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9
Q

How is epiglottitis managed?

A
  • Intubation

- Antibiotics

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10
Q

How does bronchiolitis present?

A
  • <1 year old
  • Increased work of breathing
  • Difficulty feeding
  • Wheeze/crackles
  • Cough
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11
Q

When should a child with bronchiolitis be admitted to hospital?

A
  • RR > 60
  • Less than 50% usual oral intake
  • Dehydration
  • Cyanosis
  • Grunting/marked chest recession
  • Known risk factors
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12
Q

How is bronchiolitis managed?

A
  • Oxygen if sats <92% (CPAP can be used)
  • Upper airway suctioning
  • Fluids by NG tube or IV
  • If children are being looked after at home then safety net the red flags
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13
Q

Describe how the severity of COPD can be determined?

A

FEV1

  • Mild >80% predicted
  • Moderate 50-79%
  • Severe 30-49%
  • Very severe <30%
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14
Q

How can COPD be investigated?

A
  • Spirometry
  • CXR
  • ECG
  • FBC
  • BMI
  • AIAT
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15
Q

Name some of the complications of COPD

A
  • Acute exacerbation
  • Pneumonia
  • Macro-nutrient deficiency
  • Muscle wasting
  • Secondary polycythaemia
  • Pulmonary hypertension
  • Cor pulmonale
  • Pneumothorax
  • Depression
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16
Q

Describe the management options for COPD in order of use

A
  • SABA
  • LAMA or LABA
  • Further LAMA or LABA
  • Triple therapy (ICS, LABA and LAMA)
17
Q

When should a COPD patient be started on long term oxygen?

A

-PaO2 < 7.3 kPa
Or
-PaO2 7.3-8 kPa if polycythaemia, nocturnal hypoxia, peripheral oedema or pulmonary hypertension

18
Q

How can an acute exacerbation of COPD be managed?

A
  • Short acting bronchodilators
  • Steroids
  • Antibiotics
  • Hospital admission (tachypneoa, sats <90%, hypotension etc.)
19
Q

Name the four types of lung cancer

A
  • Squamous
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Small cell
  • Large cell
20
Q

Name the treatment options for lung cancer

A
  • Surgery
  • Radiotherapy
  • Chemotherapy
21
Q

How can obstructive sleep apnoea be managed?

A
  • Information and support
  • Lifestyle measures
  • CPAP or intra-oral devices
  • Advice on driving and informing the DVLA
22
Q

Which antibiotics can be used in pneumonia

A
  • Amoxicillin
  • Clarithromycin if severe
  • Doxycycline if penicillin allergic
23
Q

What is the pleural fluid protein level found in transudate pleural effusions

A

<30g/l

24
Q

What are the causes of transudate pleural effusions?

A
  • Liver cirrhosis
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • PE
25
Q

What is the pleural fluid protein level found in exudate pleural effusions?

A

> 30g/l

26
Q

What are the causes of exudate pleural effusions?

A
  • Malignancy
  • PE
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Autoimmune
27
Q

Describe the management of TB

A
  • Rifampicin, Isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide for 2 months
  • Rifampicin and Isoniazid for fourth months
28
Q

How does bronchiectasis present?

A
  • Persistent productive cough
  • Breathlessness
  • Haemoptysis
  • Chest pain
  • Wheeze and course crackles
29
Q

Which gene is responsible for cystic fibrosis?

A

-CFTR

30
Q

How does cystic fibrosis present?

A
  • Antenatal cvs and echogenic bowel
  • Neonatal screening
  • Meconium ileus
  • Recurrent chest infections
  • Failure to thrive
  • Nasal polyps and sinusitis
  • Male infertility
  • Pancreatic insufficiency
31
Q

Name the common respiratory pathogens found in CF

A
  • Staph aureus
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
32
Q

Which drug addresses the primary defect in CF?

A

Ivacaftor

Finals (18 decks)

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