ENT Flashcards
How should nasal polyps be investigated?
- Sweat test
- RAST/skin testing
- Nasal smear
- Coronal CT
How can nasal polyps be treated?
- Oral and nasal steroids
- Immunotherapy
- Polypectomy
How can rhinosinusitis be managed?
- Antibiotics (penicillins, clarithromycin etc.
- Intranasal steroids
Which antibiotic would be used in tonsilitis?
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
How does laryngeal cancer present?
- Persistent unexplained hoarseness
- A lump in the neck
How does oral cancer present?
- Unexplained ulceration
- Lump in the neck
- A red or red and white patch in the oral cavity
How do nasal cancers present?
- Blocked nose that doesn’t clear
- Nosebleeds
- Loss of sense of smell
How do acoustic neuromas present?
- Sudden unilateral hearing loss
- Facial pain or numbness
- Earache
- Ataxia
Which condition causes bilateral acoustic neuromas?
Neurofibromatosis type 2
How can acoustic neuromas be investigated?
- Audiometric testing
- Gadolinium inhanced MRI
How can acoustic neuromas be managed?
- Microsurgery
- Radiotherapy
- Observation
How does benign paroxysmal positional vertigo present?
- Vertigo provoked by head movements
- Often worse on one side and in the morning
- Light-headedness and imbalance
- Nausea
- No changes to hearing
Which test is used to confirm BPPV?
Dix-Hallpike test
How can BPPV be managed?
- Self-limiting
- Get out of bed slowly and reduce head movements
- Epley’s manoeuvre
- Referral to secondary care if it does not resolve
How does Meniere’s disease present?
- Acute attacks of vertigo, tinnitus and fluctuating hearing loss
- Unexplained falls
- Imbalance
How can Meniere’s disease be managed?
- Informing the DVLA
- Vertigo: prochlorperazine, cyclizine etc.
- Avoid trigers
- Betahistine
- Hearing support
- Local steroid
- Surgery
How can a peritonsillar abscess (Quinsy) be managed?
- IV fluids if required
- Analgesia
- IV antibiotics
- Needle aspiration or incision and drainage
- Tonsillectomy
What is Ludwig’s angina?
Acute cellulitis in the region of the submandibular gland
How does Ludwig’s Angina present?
- Toxic patient
- Non-fluctuant swelling below the angle of the jaw
- Oedema of the floor of the mouth and around the larynx
- Airway obstruction
How can Ludwig’s angina be managed?
- Hospital admission
- Airway safety
- Antibiotic treatment
- Surgical drainage
