Paediatrics Flashcards
How does an otitis media with effusion present?
- Hearing loss
- Speech delay
- Behavioural problems
- Academic decline
- Dull TM
How can otitis externa be managed?
- Aural microsuction
- Topical antibiotics
- Water precautions
Which antibiotic would be used for a child with tonsilitis?
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
Which cardiac abnormalities are associated with Trisomy 21?
- AVSD
- ASD
- VSD
Which cardiac abnormality is associated with Turner syndrome?
Co-arctation of the aorta
Which cardiac abnormality is associated with Noonan syndrome?
Pulmonary stenosis
Which cardiac abnormality is associated with Williams syndrome?
Supravalvular aortic stenosis
Name the common features of innocent murmurs
- Systolic murmurs
- No other signs of cardiac disease
- Soft murmur
- Vibratory/musical
- Localised
- Varies with position, respiration and exercise
Give examples of innocent murmurs
- Still’s Murmur (LV outflow murmur)
- Pulmonary outflow murmur
- Carotid arterial bruit
- Venous hum
How does a ventral septal defect present?
- Pansystolic murmur lower left sternal edge
- Thrill
How does an atrial septal defect present?
- Wide fixed splitting of 2nd heart sound
- Pulmonary flow murmur
How is coarctation of the aorta managed?
- Re-open DA with prostaglandins
- Resection and anastomosis
- Subclavian repair patch
- Balloon aortoplasty
Name the components of a tetralogy of Fallot
- VSD
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Overriding Aorta
- RVH
How should maintenance fluids be calculated for children?
- 100ml/kg for the 1st 10kg
- 50ml/kg for the 2nd 10kg
- 20ml/kg for the rest
What antibiotic would you give to a child with sepsis?
IV cefotaxime
Name the anti-epileptic options for epilepsy in children
- Generalised: sodium valproate
- Focal: carbamazepine
- Steroids, immunoglobulins and ketogenic diet
How can migraines be managed in children?
- Pain relief and triptans
- Preventative: Pizotifen, propranolol, amitryptyline and valproate
How does duchenne muscular dystrophy present?
- Waddling gait
- Calf hypertrophy
- Elevated CK
- Cardiomyopathy
How does pyloric stenosis present and how is it managed?
- 4-12 weeks old
- Projectile non-bilious vomiting
- Dehydration or malnutrition
- Metabolic alkalosis, low K and Cl
- Fluid resus and surgery
How can GORD be managed in children?
- Gaviscon
- Feed thickener
- Prokinetic drugs
- H2 receptor blockers
- PPIs
How should meningitis be treated in children?
- Cefotaxime
- Steroids
How does Kawasaki disease present?
- Fever
- Bilateral conjunctival injection
- Cracked lips
- Strawberry tongue
- Cervical lymphadenopathy
- Polymorphous rash
- Changes of the extremities
How can Kawasaki disease be managed?
- Immunoglobulins
- Aspirin
- Steroids
- Immunosuppressive agents
- Cardiology assessment (coronary aneurysms)
How should hernias be managed in children?
<1yr: urgent referral and repair
->1yr: elective referral and repair
Name the only absolute indication for circumcision
Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO)
Name the relative indications for circumcision
- Balanoprosthitis
- Religious
- UTI
Name the antibiotic of choice for pneumonia in children
- Amoxicillin
- Can also use Co-amoxiclav if not responding to amoxicillin
How does malrotation present?
- Days old baby
- Bilious vomiting
How does intussusception present?
- 6-12 months old
- Bilious vomiting
- Bloody mucous PR
What is the time range of physiological jaundice?
Appears on day 2-3 of life and disappears within 7-10 days of life (up to 21 days in premature infants)
How can respiratory distress syndrome be managed?
- Antenatal steroids
- Surfactant
- Early extubation
- CPAP
How can IVH be treated?
- Antenatal steroids
- Symptomatic drainage
How can necrotising enterocolitis be treated?
- Surgery
- Antibiotics
- Parenteral nutrition
What causes jaundice within the first 24hrs of life?
- Haemolytic
- TORCH infections
What causes jaundice after 21 days of life?
- Breast milk
- Hypothyroidism
- Pyloric stenosis
- Cholestasis
Which babies are at risk of hypoglycaemia?
- Premature babies
- Perinatal stress
- Infants of diabetic mothers
- Hypothermia
- Sepsis
Which organism causes early onset neonatal sepsis?
- GBS
- E. coli
Name some of the risk factors for SIDS
- Maternal smoking
- Maternal substance misuse
- Young maternal age
- Poverty
- Preterm birth
- Sleep position
How does Perthes disease present?
- Primary aged boys
- Limp
- Knee pain on exercise
- Stiff hip joint
How can Perthes disease be managed?
- Maintain hip motion
- Analgesia
- Restrict painful activities
- Osteotomy in older children
How does SUFE present?
- Teenage boys
- Pain in hip or knee
- Externally rotated posture and gait
- Reduced internal rotation
