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Finals > Paediatrics > Flashcards

Paediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

How does an otitis media with effusion present?

A
  • Hearing loss
  • Speech delay
  • Behavioural problems
  • Academic decline
  • Dull TM
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2
Q

How can otitis externa be managed?

A
  • Aural microsuction
  • Topical antibiotics
  • Water precautions
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3
Q

Which antibiotic would be used for a child with tonsilitis?

A

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

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4
Q

Which cardiac abnormalities are associated with Trisomy 21?

A
  • AVSD
  • ASD
  • VSD
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5
Q

Which cardiac abnormality is associated with Turner syndrome?

A

Co-arctation of the aorta

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6
Q

Which cardiac abnormality is associated with Noonan syndrome?

A

Pulmonary stenosis

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7
Q

Which cardiac abnormality is associated with Williams syndrome?

A

Supravalvular aortic stenosis

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8
Q

Name the common features of innocent murmurs

A
  • Systolic murmurs
  • No other signs of cardiac disease
  • Soft murmur
  • Vibratory/musical
  • Localised
  • Varies with position, respiration and exercise
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9
Q

Give examples of innocent murmurs

A
  • Still’s Murmur (LV outflow murmur)
  • Pulmonary outflow murmur
  • Carotid arterial bruit
  • Venous hum
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10
Q

How does a ventral septal defect present?

A
  • Pansystolic murmur lower left sternal edge

- Thrill

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11
Q

How does an atrial septal defect present?

A
  • Wide fixed splitting of 2nd heart sound

- Pulmonary flow murmur

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12
Q

How is coarctation of the aorta managed?

A
  • Re-open DA with prostaglandins
  • Resection and anastomosis
  • Subclavian repair patch
  • Balloon aortoplasty
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13
Q

Name the components of a tetralogy of Fallot

A
  • VSD
  • Pulmonary stenosis
  • Overriding Aorta
  • RVH
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14
Q

How should maintenance fluids be calculated for children?

A
  • 100ml/kg for the 1st 10kg
  • 50ml/kg for the 2nd 10kg
  • 20ml/kg for the rest
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15
Q

What antibiotic would you give to a child with sepsis?

A

IV cefotaxime

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16
Q

Name the anti-epileptic options for epilepsy in children

A
  • Generalised: sodium valproate
  • Focal: carbamazepine
  • Steroids, immunoglobulins and ketogenic diet
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17
Q

How can migraines be managed in children?

A
  • Pain relief and triptans

- Preventative: Pizotifen, propranolol, amitryptyline and valproate

18
Q

How does duchenne muscular dystrophy present?

A
  • Waddling gait
  • Calf hypertrophy
  • Elevated CK
  • Cardiomyopathy
19
Q

How does pyloric stenosis present and how is it managed?

A
  • 4-12 weeks old
  • Projectile non-bilious vomiting
  • Dehydration or malnutrition
  • Metabolic alkalosis, low K and Cl
  • Fluid resus and surgery
20
Q

How can GORD be managed in children?

A
  • Gaviscon
  • Feed thickener
  • Prokinetic drugs
  • H2 receptor blockers
  • PPIs
21
Q

How should meningitis be treated in children?

A
  • Cefotaxime

- Steroids

22
Q

How does Kawasaki disease present?

A
  • Fever
  • Bilateral conjunctival injection
  • Cracked lips
  • Strawberry tongue
  • Cervical lymphadenopathy
  • Polymorphous rash
  • Changes of the extremities
23
Q

How can Kawasaki disease be managed?

A
  • Immunoglobulins
  • Aspirin
  • Steroids
  • Immunosuppressive agents
  • Cardiology assessment (coronary aneurysms)
24
Q

How should hernias be managed in children?

A

<1yr: urgent referral and repair

->1yr: elective referral and repair

25
Q

Name the only absolute indication for circumcision

A

Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO)

26
Q

Name the relative indications for circumcision

A
  • Balanoprosthitis
  • Religious
  • UTI
27
Q

Name the antibiotic of choice for pneumonia in children

A
  • Amoxicillin

- Can also use Co-amoxiclav if not responding to amoxicillin

28
Q

How does malrotation present?

A
  • Days old baby

- Bilious vomiting

29
Q

How does intussusception present?

A
  • 6-12 months old
  • Bilious vomiting
  • Bloody mucous PR
30
Q

What is the time range of physiological jaundice?

A

Appears on day 2-3 of life and disappears within 7-10 days of life (up to 21 days in premature infants)

31
Q

How can respiratory distress syndrome be managed?

A
  • Antenatal steroids
  • Surfactant
  • Early extubation
  • CPAP
32
Q

How can IVH be treated?

A
  • Antenatal steroids

- Symptomatic drainage

33
Q

How can necrotising enterocolitis be treated?

A
  • Surgery
  • Antibiotics
  • Parenteral nutrition
34
Q

What causes jaundice within the first 24hrs of life?

A
  • Haemolytic

- TORCH infections

35
Q

What causes jaundice after 21 days of life?

A
  • Breast milk
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Pyloric stenosis
  • Cholestasis
36
Q

Which babies are at risk of hypoglycaemia?

A
  • Premature babies
  • Perinatal stress
  • Infants of diabetic mothers
  • Hypothermia
  • Sepsis
37
Q

Which organism causes early onset neonatal sepsis?

A
  • GBS

- E. coli

38
Q

Name some of the risk factors for SIDS

A
  • Maternal smoking
  • Maternal substance misuse
  • Young maternal age
  • Poverty
  • Preterm birth
  • Sleep position
39
Q

How does Perthes disease present?

A
  • Primary aged boys
  • Limp
  • Knee pain on exercise
  • Stiff hip joint
40
Q

How can Perthes disease be managed?

A
  • Maintain hip motion
  • Analgesia
  • Restrict painful activities
  • Osteotomy in older children
41
Q

How does SUFE present?

A
  • Teenage boys
  • Pain in hip or knee
  • Externally rotated posture and gait
  • Reduced internal rotation

Finals (18 decks)

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