Respiration Unit

Question 1

Four stages of respiration

Answer 1

1. Breathing
2. External respiration
3. Internal respiration
4. Cellular respiration

Question 2

Breathing

Answer 2

Inspiration and expiration

Question 3

External respiration

Answer 3

Exchange of gases between lungs and blood

Question 4

Internal respiration

Answer 4

Exchange of gases between blood and cells

Question 5

Cellular respiration

Answer 5

Energy releasing reactions in cells

Question 6

Types of respiration surfaces

Answer 6

1. Outer skin
2. Gills
3. Tracheal system
4. Lungs

Question 7

How many lobes does each lung have?

Answer 7

Right has 3. Left has 2.

Question 8

Lung anatomy

Answer 8

The lungs lie within a sealed off thoracic cavity.
The rib cage encloses the thoracic cavity.
Intercostal muscles lie in between each rib.
One later of pleural membranes encloses the lungs, while a second lager adheres closely to the chest wall and diaphragm.
These two layers are separated by a thin film of fluid called intra pleural fluid.
Pleural membranes prevent friction between the rib cage and the lungs.

Question 9

Tidal volume

Answer 9

Volume of air moved in and out with each normal breath

Question 10

Inspiration reserve volume

Answer 10

Air taken in through forced inspiration

Question 11

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 11

Air expelled through forced expiration

Question 12

Vital capacity

Answer 12

Tidal volume + expiratory reserve + inspiration reserve

Question 13

Residual volume

Answer 13

Air remaining in lungs so they don’t collapse

Question 14

Dead space

Answer 14

Areas where air is not used up for gas exchange

Question 15

Negative feedback cycle

Answer 15

1. Nerve impulses cause respiratory muscles to contract
2. Lungs inflate
3. Inflation of lungs stops the respiratory center from sending nerve impulses
4. Muscles relax and deflate
5. Nerve impulses are no longer stopped causing muscles to contract again

Question 16

Change in inspiration

Answer 16

CO2 and H+ rise in blood

Question 17

Receptor of inspiration

Answer 17

Chemoreceptors in carotid bodies in carotid artery and aortic bodies in sorts detect increased CO2 and H+ concentration and signal to medulla oblongata

Question 18

Effector of inspiration

Answer 18

Medulla oblongata will stimulate diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract by nerve impulse

Question 19

Inspiration is

Answer 19

Active

Question 20

Expiration is

Answer 20

Usually passive but can be active

Question 21

Receptor of expiration

Answer 21

Inhaling expands the alveoli and stretch receptors in the lungs send inhibitory messages to the medulla oblongata

Question 22

Control center of expiration

Answer 22

Medulla oblongata stops signalling diaphragm and intercostals

Question 23

Effector of expiration

Answer 23

Diaphragm and intercostals relax

Question 24

Our atmosphere is made up of molecules

Answer 24

O2 (21%) N2 (78%) CO2 (0.04%)

Question 25

Cellular respiration formula

Answer 25

C6H12O6 + H2O + ADP -> ATP+ CO2 + H20

Question 26

Around how many alveoli in lungs?

Answer 26

600 million

Question 27

Blood leaves alveoli

Answer 27

O2 rich and nearly 3x the O2 amount

Question 28

Two special molecules help to make this process of gas exchange work more effectively:

Answer 28

1. A soap like macromolecule: coats the inner surface of each alveolus to allow O2 to diffuse into the blood
2. Hemoglobin: a special O2 carrying a molecule found in red blood cells increased the blood’s O2-carrying capacity

Question 29

The medulla oblongata:

Answer 29

Neurone control motor neurone in spinal cord and connect to diaphragm and rib muscles. These neurone are influenced by other nerve stretching action in the lungs

Question 30

How does the nervous system determine whether enough oxygen is getting into the blood?

Answer 30

1. One set in carotid artery in neck which carries blood to brain (carotid body)
2. Near aorta, large artery that carries blood from heart to rest of body (aortic body)