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Bio30s > Circulatory Unit > Flashcards

Circulatory Unit Flashcards

1
Q

Right atrium

A

The right atrium filled with blood returning from the body

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2
Q

Left atrium

A

The left atrium fills with blood returning from the lungs

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3
Q

Left ventricle

A

The left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium and pumps blood to the body

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4
Q

Right ventricle

A

The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps blood to the lungs

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5
Q

Atrioventricular valve

A

Atrioventricular valve is a valve in the heart between the ventricle and atrium

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6
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

It is the av valve on the right side of the heart. It has three flaps

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7
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

It is the av valve on the left side of the heart. Also called the mitral valve. It has two flaps

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8
Q

Semi lunar valves

A

Semi lunar valves are hard-mooned shaped and are valves between the ventricles and the large arteries; it carries blood away from the heart

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9
Q

Aorta

A

Is an artery that carries blood directly from the heart to other arteries

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10
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Pulmonary vein is a blood vessel that carries blood from the lungs to the heart

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11
Q

Superior vena cava

A

The superior vena cava collects oxygen-poor blood coming from the tissues in the head, chest, and arms

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12
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

The inferior vena cava collects oxygen-poor blood coming from the tissues elsewhere in the body

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13
Q

Coronary artery

A

A coronary artery is an artery that supplies blood to the heart muscle

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14
Q

Auricles

A

Auricles are two pouches that are connected to the heart’s atrium. They transfer blood into the ventricles.

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15
Q

Papillary muscles

A

Papillary muscles are muscle located in the ventricles of the heart

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16
Q

Chordae tendenae

A

Chordae tendenae, or heart strings, are cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the av valves

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17
Q

Myocardium

A

Myocardium is the thick, middle layer of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle

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18
Q

Endocardium

A

Endocardium is the thin, smooth membrane that lines the inside of the chambers of the heart and forms the surface and of the valves

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19
Q

Pericardium

A

Pericardium is the membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane

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20
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A
  • Begins at the right ventricle and ends at the left atrium
  • Carries blood between the heart and lungs
  • Adds oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood
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21
Q

Systemic circulation

A
  • Starts at the left ventricle and ends at the right atrium
  • Arteries of systemic circulation reach all the body cells and tissues
  • Arteries eventually branch to form smaller and smaller vessels that terminate in capillaries. Capillaries are the site of the exchange of materials between the blood and the body cells.
  • As the blood returns to the heart from the body, they will flow first through the capillaries that merge to become veins
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22
Q

Three major types of systemic loops of circulation:

A

Coronary circulation: supplies blood to muscles of the heart
Hepatic portal circulation: carries blood from the digestive tract to the liver
Renal circulation: carries blood to and from the kidneys

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23
Q

Veins

A

Veins transport blood at a lower pressure and are not as strong as arteries. Veins have the same three layers as arteries but are much thinner. Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They prevent blood flowing backwards by having one way valves.

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24
Q

Arteries

A

The smooth elastic muscles of the artery helps the heart pump the blood. When the heart beats, the artery will expand as it fills with blood. When the heart replaces, the artery will contract, exerting a force that is strong enough to push the blood along. This rhythm between the heart and the artery results in an efficient circulatory system.

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25
Q

Capillaries

A

Capillaries are spread throughout body like fine network. Capillary wall is a single layer of one epithelial cell thick.

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26
Q

Describe the three layers of an artery/ vein

A

a. An outer layer of connective tissue
b. A middle layer of smooth muscle which is very elastic and strong.
c. An endothelium made up of very smooth epithelial cells. These smooth cells allow blood to flow smoothly through an artery.

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27
Q

How are capillaries involved in the body’s release of excess heat?

A

To release heat, the blood delivers the heat to the capillaries which then rapidly release the heat into the tissues. The result is that your skin takes on a flushed appearance.

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28
Q

SA node

A

The Sinoatrial node, also called the pacemaker of the heart. Is a bundle of specialized muscle tissue. It is within the myocardium of the right atrium, near top of heart. The SA node stimulates the myocardial cells in the atria to contract and relax rhythmically.

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29
Q

The heart beat cycle

A

The SA node sends an electrical signal that spreads across the walls of the two atria making them contract simultaneously. As they contract the signal continues to the AV node (atrioventricular node). The AV node transmit the signal through a fibres called the bundle of His. The bundle of His branches into two bundle branches which split off into Purkinje fibres. Purkinje fibres are responsible for initiating the contract of muscle cells in the right and left ventricles

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30
Q

Diastole:

A

Period of relaxation of the ventricles

  • AV valves (bicuspid and tricuspid) are open
  • Blood flows from the atria to the ventricles
  • Bt the end of diastole the ventricles are 70% fill
  • Diastole pressure is the lowest pressure before the ventricles contract
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31
Q

Systole:

A

Period of contract of the ventricles

  • The atria contract forcing more blood into the ventricles (filling them)
  • The ventricles contract
  • The pressure against the AV valve forces them shut and opens the semi lunar valves
  • Blood flows into the pulmonary artery and aorta
  • Systolic pressure is the max pressure during ventricular contraction
32
Q

The “lub” sound is produced by the:

A

The “lub” sound is produced by the closing of the AV valves (tricuspid and bicuspid)

33
Q

The “dub” sound is made by:

A

The “dub” sound is made by the closing of the semi lunar valves.

34
Q

Blood pressure is regulated in two ways:

A

Sensory neurons and kidneys

35
Q

Sensory neurons:

A

Sensory neutrons attached to blood vessels which are connected to the autonomic nervous system (the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary activities)

36
Q

Kidneys:

A

When a person’s blood pressure becomes too high, the kidneys move more water from the blood, decreases the total amount of fluid in the circulatory system which in turn lowers the blood pressure.

37
Q

Low blood pressure:

A

slows down the rate at which blood flows through the body. As a result, parts of the body that are far away from the heart don’t receive enough blood which can result in chilling or injury to these parts.

38
Q

High blood pressure:

A

excessively high blood pressure. The heart of a person having this condition has to work much harder to pump blood in which causes the heart muscle to weaken and may lead to leaks in the arteries. Causes of hypertension include: obesity, lack of exercise, smoking, heredity

39
Q

What measures arterial pressure?

A

A sphygmomanometer.

40
Q

What is blood pressure stated in?

A

Systolic pressure over diastolic pressure.

41
Q

What is the normal blood pressure in a resting adult?

A

120/80

42
Q

When is blood pressure usually measured in?

A

The brachial artery of the upper arm where the pressure is greatest.

43
Q

What are blood’s three main functions?

A

Transportation of:
-nutrients, dissolved gases (O2 and CO2), hormones, waste products (from cell activity)
Regulation of:
-body temperature (release heat in capillaries)
-pH (detection in carotid and aortic bodies)
-Electrolyte balance (ions in a solution that conduct electricity important in cell function)
-waste levels/ fluid balance
Protection:
-protects body from disease causing organisms by carrying a variety of “protector” white blood cells
-clots cut to prevent infection and blood loss

44
Q

The human body contains how much blood?

A

The human body contains about 4 to 6 L of blood (about 8% of the total mass of the body). Approximately 45% of the blood consists of living cells. The remaining 55% is fluid called plasma.

45
Q

Blood plasma

A

Blood plasma is a clear, straw-coloured fluid that is 90% water and 10% dissolved substances including: fatty acids, salts, glucose, protein, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, hormones and wastes

46
Q

What are the three types of plasma proteins?

A

Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

47
Q

Albumin

A

The most abundant of the plasma proteins; keeps water from leaving the blood and entering the surrounding cells by osmosis

48
Q

Globulin

A

Some are involved in transporting proteins and other materials from one part of the body to another; others, called antibodies, are proteins that bind to and help destroy foreign substances in the body

49
Q

Fibrinogen:

A

Is involved in the clotting of the blood.

50
Q

What are red blood cells also called?

A

Erythrocytes

51
Q

The most numerous of the blood cells and how many?

A

Red blood cells are the most numerous; about 30 trillion in an adult

52
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and gives red blood cells their colour.

53
Q

A mature blood cell

A

Have gradually been filled with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin forces out a RBC’s nuclei and organelles therefore a mature RBC has no nucleus.

54
Q

Life span of red blood cell

A

Human RBCs are made by bone marrow and have an average life span of 120 days. New RBCs are formed at the same rate that old RBCs are destroyed - about 2 million every second

55
Q

Red blood cells

A

Are shaped like biconcave disks, are red in colour, and carry O2 and CO2

56
Q

Worn out RBCs

A

Worn out RBCs are destroyed by special with blood cells in the liver and the spleen. The iron in the hemoglobin is held by the body and reused.

57
Q

What are white blood cells also called?

A

Leukocytes

58
Q

Number of RBC to WBC

A

500 to 1. However! WBC levels will increase when required

59
Q

Main function of white blood cells

A

To protect the body against invasion by foreign cells (such as viruses or bacteria) or substances

60
Q

White blood cells:

A
  • produced in bone marrow
  • larger than RBCs
  • almost colourless
  • contain no hemoglobin
  • have a nucleus
  • live for many months or years
61
Q

The 5 main types of white blood cells

A 
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils
62
Q

Platelets

A

Platelets are cell fragments involved in blood clotting. They are formed by the pinching off of bits of cytoplasm from large cells within the bone marrow. The blood of an adult has about 1.5 trillion platelets.

63
Q

Clotting:

A

the solidification of blood at the site of an injured blood vessel

64
Q

When a blood vessel is injured:

A

When a blood vessel is injured, the platelets in the blood stick to the wall of the damaged vessel and rupture. If the damage to the vessel is minor, material from the ruptured platelets seal the leak. If the break is more serious, then the clotting process is triggered.

65
Q

The process of blood clotting

A
  1. The ruptured platelets and the wall of the injured blood vessel release an enzyme, called thromboplastics
  2. Thromboplastin initiates a series of enzymatic reactions. The result of these reactions is the conversion of prothrombin, a plasma protein, into thrombin.
  3. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen (found in plasma) into insoluble strands of fibrin.
  4. Fibrin forms a network of stands that trap red blood cells and platelets to form a clot. Kind of like a wire net that taps red blood cells and platelets.
66
Q

The clot:

A

The clot stops the bleeding, contracts, and hardens. In time, the wound is repaired by the growth of cells that replace the cells damaged by the injury. When healing is completed, a plasma enzyme is activated and dissolves the fibrin clot.

67
Q

How have humans tried to think of ways to transfer blood into injured victims?

A

They began by trying to transfer blood from animals such as cows but this resulted in illness and death. Then they tried to transfer small amounts of blood from one human to another. When they did this some of the patients would die and others would live.

68
Q

Antigens:

A

Antigens are proteins that stick out of the surface of our red blood cells. Two types: A&B

69
Q

Blood antibodies:

A

Are produced in response to “foreign antigens”. If a foreign antigen enters the blood (say via an incorrect blood transfusion) antibodies will be produced and will circulate in the blood and bind to the foreign antigens. This clumps the RBCs together in a process called agglutination. If the immune system doesn’t work quickly enough, agglutination of the foreign blood can create blood clots that can clog arteries in the body causing a stroke or heart attack.

70
Q

Universal Donor:

A

The blood type that can donate to all groups is blood type “O”

71
Q

Universal Receiver:

A

The blood type that can receive from all groups “AB”

72
Q

Symbol for A antigen

A

circles

73
Q

Symbol for B antigen

A

triangles

74
Q

Rh factor stands for

A

The rhesus factor

75
Q

The Rh factor

A

The Rh factor is an antigen present in the RBCs of about 85-90% of the human population. This antigen was discovered in rhesus monkey.

76
Q

Why is a mother that is Rh- in risk with an Rh+ fetus?

A

The Rh- mother will make antibodies against Rh+ factor. If the antibodies against the baby’s blood are introduced and agglutination or clumping of the fetus’s blood may result in a hemolytic disease of the newborn. Doctors can treat this by injecting the mother with a competitive inhibitor that will inactive the fetal antigens that enter her body.

Bio30s (13 decks)

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