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Bio30s > Nervous System Unit > Flashcards

Nervous System Unit Flashcards

1
Q

CNS and what it is comprised of

A

The CNS is the main centre for the entire nervous system. It is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. It is the site of neural integration and processing

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2
Q

Myelinated neurons

A

Myelinated neutrons form white matter, which forms the inner region of the brain and the other area of the spinal cord.

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3
Q

Unmyelinated neurons

A

Unmyelinated neurons form grey matter. The grey matter is found around the outside areas of the brain and forms the H-shaped core of the spinal cord.

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4
Q

The spinal cord

A

extends out of the skull from the brain and downward through a canal within the backbone. The spinal cord is the primary reflex centre.

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5
Q

Sensory and motor nerves

A

are found within the spinal cord

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6
Q

The tissues of the spine are protected by

A

The tissues of the spine are protected by cerebrospinal fluid, soft layer tissues, and the spinal column (vertebrae).

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7
Q

Injury to the spinal cord can result in

A

paralysis

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8
Q

How many cells does the brain consist of?

A

100 billion cells

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9
Q

Main role of the brain?

A

Maintain homeostasis. It is protected by the skull and the meninges (composed of three layers of tough, elastic tissue)

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10
Q

The blood-brain barrier

A

formed by glial cells, endothelial cells, and blood vessels. It separates the blood from the CNS and controls the entrance of substances into the brain from the blood.

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11
Q

Lipid-soluble (fat soluble) substances

A

(caffeine, nicotine, alcohol) have rapid effects on brain function because they are able to pass directly through the blood-brain barrier

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12
Q

The cerebrospinal fluid

A

The cerebrospinal fluid is a dense, clear liquid that transports hormones, white blood cells, and nutrients across the blood-brain barrier to the cells of the brain. It also acts as a shock absorber by circulating between two layers of meninges.

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13
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Mass of white matter and a thin, outer covering of grey matter in each half of the cerebrum

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14
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Connects the right and left halves. Sends messages from one hemisphere to another.

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15
Q

The right-brain is associated with

A

holistic and intuitive thinking, visual-spatial skills, and artistic abilities

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16
Q

The left-brain is associated with

A

sequential and logical ways of thinking, and linguistic/ mathematical skills

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17
Q

Each side of your brain consists of four lobes:

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital love and temporal lobe

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18
Q

The frontal love is involved with

A

movement, decision-making, problem solving, and planning

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19
Q

The parietal lobe is involved in

A

the reception and processing of sensory information from the body

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20
Q

The occipital lobe is

A

the main centre for visual processing

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21
Q

The temporal lobe is involved with

A

memory, emotion, hearing and language

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22
Q

Cerebellum

A

Walnut-shaped. It is involved in the unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes, and body movements, as well as fine, voluntary motor skills.

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23
Q

Medula oblongata

A

It coordinates many reflexes and automatic bodily functions that maintain homeostasis, including heart rate, constriction or dilation of blood vessels, and the rate and depth of breathing, swallowing, and coughing.

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24
Q

Pons

A

Pons serves as a relay centre between the neutrons of the right and left halves of the brain.

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25
Q

Midbrain

A

Involved in processing information from sensory neutrons in the eyes, ears, and nose.

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26
Q

Thalamus

A

“the great relay station” of the brain

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27
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Helps regulate the body’s internal environment

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28
Q

Cerebrum

A

Contains the centres for intellect, learning and memory, consciousness, and language.

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29
Q

The peripheral nervous system refers

A

to all the neutrons that lead to and from the CNS

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30
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

nerves in the SNS will relay info from the sensory receptors to the CNS and then relay that info from the CNS to the skeletal muscles. Usually this is voluntary.

31
Q

Reflexes

A

a fast response to a change in environment. They are involuntary. Most reflex signals only travel to the spinal cord and not all the way to the brain

32
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

carries impulses from the CNS to the heart and other organs. The body responds involuntary.

33
Q

The two systems from the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

34
Q

Sympathetic nervous system:

A

Is most active when your body is under stress. When scared your body responds with fight or flight response. Your body gears up to control your organs in times of stress.

35
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system:

A

Is most active when the body is at rest. In these situations the parasympathetic nervous system will be maintaining normal involuntary nervous system control. After a stressful experience the parasympathetic system will return the body to normal working conditions.

36
Q

The nervous system is composed of two main types of cells:

A

neurons and glial cells

37
Q

Neurons:

A

responds to stimuli, conduct electrochemical signals, and release regulating chemicals

38
Q

Glial cells:

A

support neutrons by nourishing them, removing wastes, and defending against infection

39
Q

Dendrites:

A

receive and relay the impulses to the cell body

40
Q

Cell body:

A

contains the nucleus and is the site of the cell’s metabolic reactions

41
Q

Axon:

A

conducts impulses away from the cell body and varies in length from 1 mm to over 1 m

42
Q

Myelinated neurones are encoded in a:

A

a fatty, insulating layer called the myelin sheath made of Schwann cells. The myelin sheath protects neutrons and increases the rate of nerve impulse transmission

43
Q

Multipolar neuron

A
  • has several dendrites
  • has a single axon
  • found in the brain and spinal cord
44
Q

Bipolar neuron

A
  • has a single main dendrite
  • has a single axon
  • found in the inner ear, the retina of the eye, and the olfactory area of the brain
45
Q

Unipolar neuron

A
  • has a single process that extends from the cell body
  • dendrite and axon are fused
  • found in the peripheral nervous system
46
Q

Functionally, neutrons are classified as one of three types:

A

Sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons

47
Q

Sensory neurons:

A

receive input and transmit impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

48
Q

Interneurons:

A

found in the CNS link the sensory and motor neurone and integrate information

49
Q

Motor neurons:

A

transmit information from the CNS to effectors (muscles, glands, organs)

50
Q

Reflex arch:

A

is a simple connection of neurons that results in an involuntary reflex action in response to a stimulus

51
Q

How long do reflex arcs take?

A

Approximately 50 ms

52
Q

Neurons…

A

use electrical signals to communicate with other neurons, muscles, and glands. The signals, called nerve impulses, involve changes in the amount of electric charge across a cell’s plasma membrane

53
Q

In a resting neuron….

A

the cytoplasmic side of the membrane (inside the cell) is negative, the extracellular side is positive (outside the cell)

54
Q

Membrane potential

A

the charge separation across the membrane is a form of potential energy

55
Q

The resting membrane potential

A

is the potential difference across a membrane in a resting neuron (about -70 mV). It provides energy for generating a nerve impulse.

56
Q

Polarized

A

When a neuron has a resting membrane potential of -70 mV

57
Q

The sodium-potassium pump

A

uses ATP to transport 3 (Na+) out of the cell and 2 (K+) into the cell. The overall result of this process is a constant resting membrane potential of -70 mV

58
Q

The sodium-potassium pump process

A
  1. The sodium-potassium pump binds three sodium ions and a molecule of ATP
  2. The splitting of ATP provides energy to change the shape of the channel. The sodium ions are driven through the channel.
  3. The sodium ions are released to the outside of the membrane, and the new shape of the channel allows two potassium ions to bind.
  4. Release of the phosphate allows the channel to revert to its original form, releasing the potassium ions on the inside of the membrane.
59
Q

Voltage-gated channels

A

are passageways that allow for the movement of ions in and out of a cell. These channels are controlled by the membrane voltage.

60
Q

Threshold potential

A

(-50 mV)

61
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

(-70 mV)

62
Q

Hyperpolarized

A

(-90 mV)

63
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

exposed areas on the axons of neurons that are myelinated

64
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

The conduction of a nerve impulse along a myelinated neuron. Is called this because the action potentials “jump” from one node of Ranvier to the next

65
Q

How fast is saltatory conduction?

A

120 m/s

66
Q

How fast is conduction of nerve impulses in unmyelinated neurons?

A

0.5 m/s

67
Q

The auction between two neurons is called

A

a synapse

68
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis

69
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

The small gap between neurons

70
Q

How many different transmitters are there in the body that act on the postsynaptic neuron?

A

50

71
Q

Dopamine:

A

Function: body movement and sensations of pleasure
Too much = schizophrenia resulting in an altered perception of reality
Too little = Parkinson’s disease resulting in destroyed neurons

72
Q

Serotonin:

A

Function: mood and sensory perception

Too little = may be linked to depression

73
Q

Endorphins:

A

Function: natural pain killers and emotional responses

Too little = linked to alcoholism

74
Q

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine:

A

Function: helps ready the body in the fight or flight responses
Too much = linked to high blood pressure, anxiety
Too little = linked to cravings and exhaustion

Bio30s (13 decks)

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