Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio30s > Nervous System Unit > Flashcards

Nervous System Unit Flashcards

1
Q

CNS and what it is comprised of

A

The CNS is the main centre for the entire nervous system. It is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. It is the site of neural integration and processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Myelinated neurons

A

Myelinated neutrons form white matter, which forms the inner region of the brain and the other area of the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Unmyelinated neurons

A

Unmyelinated neurons form grey matter. The grey matter is found around the outside areas of the brain and forms the H-shaped core of the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The spinal cord

A

extends out of the skull from the brain and downward through a canal within the backbone. The spinal cord is the primary reflex centre.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sensory and motor nerves

A

are found within the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The tissues of the spine are protected by

A

The tissues of the spine are protected by cerebrospinal fluid, soft layer tissues, and the spinal column (vertebrae).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Injury to the spinal cord can result in

A

paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many cells does the brain consist of?

A

100 billion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Main role of the brain?

A

Maintain homeostasis. It is protected by the skull and the meninges (composed of three layers of tough, elastic tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The blood-brain barrier

A

formed by glial cells, endothelial cells, and blood vessels. It separates the blood from the CNS and controls the entrance of substances into the brain from the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lipid-soluble (fat soluble) substances

A

(caffeine, nicotine, alcohol) have rapid effects on brain function because they are able to pass directly through the blood-brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The cerebrospinal fluid

A

The cerebrospinal fluid is a dense, clear liquid that transports hormones, white blood cells, and nutrients across the blood-brain barrier to the cells of the brain. It also acts as a shock absorber by circulating between two layers of meninges.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Mass of white matter and a thin, outer covering of grey matter in each half of the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Connects the right and left halves. Sends messages from one hemisphere to another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The right-brain is associated with

A

holistic and intuitive thinking, visual-spatial skills, and artistic abilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The left-brain is associated with

A

sequential and logical ways of thinking, and linguistic/ mathematical skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Each side of your brain consists of four lobes:

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital love and temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The frontal love is involved with

A

movement, decision-making, problem solving, and planning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The parietal lobe is involved in

A

the reception and processing of sensory information from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The occipital lobe is

A

the main centre for visual processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The temporal lobe is involved with

A

memory, emotion, hearing and language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cerebellum

A

Walnut-shaped. It is involved in the unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes, and body movements, as well as fine, voluntary motor skills.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Medula oblongata

A

It coordinates many reflexes and automatic bodily functions that maintain homeostasis, including heart rate, constriction or dilation of blood vessels, and the rate and depth of breathing, swallowing, and coughing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pons

A

Pons serves as a relay centre between the neutrons of the right and left halves of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Midbrain
Involved in processing information from sensory neutrons in the eyes, ears, and nose.
26
Thalamus
"the great relay station" of the brain
27
Hypothalamus
Helps regulate the body's internal environment
28
Cerebrum
Contains the centres for intellect, learning and memory, consciousness, and language.
29
The peripheral nervous system refers
to all the neutrons that lead to and from the CNS
30
Somatic nervous system
nerves in the SNS will relay info from the sensory receptors to the CNS and then relay that info from the CNS to the skeletal muscles. Usually this is voluntary.
31
Reflexes
a fast response to a change in environment. They are involuntary. Most reflex signals only travel to the spinal cord and not all the way to the brain
32
Autonomic Nervous System
carries impulses from the CNS to the heart and other organs. The body responds involuntary.
33
The two systems from the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
34
Sympathetic nervous system:
Is most active when your body is under stress. When scared your body responds with fight or flight response. Your body gears up to control your organs in times of stress.
35
Parasympathetic nervous system:
Is most active when the body is at rest. In these situations the parasympathetic nervous system will be maintaining normal involuntary nervous system control. After a stressful experience the parasympathetic system will return the body to normal working conditions.
36
The nervous system is composed of two main types of cells:
neurons and glial cells
37
Neurons:
responds to stimuli, conduct electrochemical signals, and release regulating chemicals
38
Glial cells:
support neutrons by nourishing them, removing wastes, and defending against infection
39
Dendrites:
receive and relay the impulses to the cell body
40
Cell body:
contains the nucleus and is the site of the cell's metabolic reactions
41
Axon:
conducts impulses away from the cell body and varies in length from 1 mm to over 1 m
42
Myelinated neurones are encoded in a:
a fatty, insulating layer called the myelin sheath made of Schwann cells. The myelin sheath protects neutrons and increases the rate of nerve impulse transmission
43
Multipolar neuron
- has several dendrites - has a single axon - found in the brain and spinal cord
44
Bipolar neuron
- has a single main dendrite - has a single axon - found in the inner ear, the retina of the eye, and the olfactory area of the brain
45
Unipolar neuron
- has a single process that extends from the cell body - dendrite and axon are fused - found in the peripheral nervous system
46
Functionally, neutrons are classified as one of three types:
Sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons
47
Sensory neurons:
receive input and transmit impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS
48
Interneurons:
found in the CNS link the sensory and motor neurone and integrate information
49
Motor neurons:
transmit information from the CNS to effectors (muscles, glands, organs)
50
Reflex arch:
is a simple connection of neurons that results in an involuntary reflex action in response to a stimulus
51
How long do reflex arcs take?
Approximately 50 ms
52
Neurons...
use electrical signals to communicate with other neurons, muscles, and glands. The signals, called nerve impulses, involve changes in the amount of electric charge across a cell's plasma membrane
53
In a resting neuron....
the cytoplasmic side of the membrane (inside the cell) is negative, the extracellular side is positive (outside the cell)
54
Membrane potential
the charge separation across the membrane is a form of potential energy
55
The resting membrane potential
is the potential difference across a membrane in a resting neuron (about -70 mV). It provides energy for generating a nerve impulse.
56
Polarized
When a neuron has a resting membrane potential of -70 mV
57
The sodium-potassium pump
uses ATP to transport 3 (Na+) out of the cell and 2 (K+) into the cell. The overall result of this process is a constant resting membrane potential of -70 mV
58
The sodium-potassium pump process
1. The sodium-potassium pump binds three sodium ions and a molecule of ATP 2. The splitting of ATP provides energy to change the shape of the channel. The sodium ions are driven through the channel. 3. The sodium ions are released to the outside of the membrane, and the new shape of the channel allows two potassium ions to bind. 4. Release of the phosphate allows the channel to revert to its original form, releasing the potassium ions on the inside of the membrane.
59
Voltage-gated channels
are passageways that allow for the movement of ions in and out of a cell. These channels are controlled by the membrane voltage.
60
Threshold potential
(-50 mV)
61
Resting membrane potential
(-70 mV)
62
Hyperpolarized
(-90 mV)
63
Nodes of Ranvier
exposed areas on the axons of neurons that are myelinated
64
Saltatory conduction
The conduction of a nerve impulse along a myelinated neuron. Is called this because the action potentials "jump" from one node of Ranvier to the next
65
How fast is saltatory conduction?
120 m/s
66
How fast is conduction of nerve impulses in unmyelinated neurons?
0.5 m/s
67
The auction between two neurons is called
a synapse
68
Synaptic vesicles
release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis
69
Synaptic cleft
The small gap between neurons
70
How many different transmitters are there in the body that act on the postsynaptic neuron?
50
71
Dopamine:
Function: body movement and sensations of pleasure Too much = schizophrenia resulting in an altered perception of reality Too little = Parkinson's disease resulting in destroyed neurons
72
Serotonin:
Function: mood and sensory perception | Too little = may be linked to depression
73
Endorphins:
Function: natural pain killers and emotional responses | Too little = linked to alcoholism
74
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine:
Function: helps ready the body in the fight or flight responses Too much = linked to high blood pressure, anxiety Too little = linked to cravings and exhaustion

Bio30s (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions