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Bio30s > Immune System Unit > Flashcards

Immune System Unit Flashcards

1
Q

To defend itself the body must:

A
  • recognize its own tissue
  • ignore its own microflora
  • eliminate anything that is abnormal
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2
Q

Failure of self recognition can lead to:

A

autoimmune disorders in which the immune system mistakenly destroys its own tissues

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3
Q

How many bacterial cells does the human body contain?

A

The human body contacts 1.0 x 10^14 bacterial cells

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4
Q

Self recognition is achieved through:

A

Self recognition is achieved through the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
-The MHC molecules are used by the immune system to recognize its own and foreign material

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5
Q

MHC

A
  • The MHC is responsible for the rejection of tissue grafts and organ transplants.
  • Foreign MHC molecules contain different antigens, causing the immune system to attack the foreign cells
  • To minimize rejection, attempts are made to match the MHC of the organ donor to that of the recipient as closely as possible
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6
Q

The first line of defence includes:

A

physical and chemical barriers, skin, mucous membranes and secretions

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7
Q

The skin:

A
  • provides a physical barrier
  • rarely penetrated by microorganisms
  • produces chemical secretions that inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi
  • low pH deters colonization by microbes
  • tears, mucus, and saliva help to wash microbes away
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8
Q

The second line of defence:

A

A range of non-specific defences inside the body destroy pathogens. These cells react to the presence of any pathogen, regardless of which species it is. White blood cells are involved in most of these responses.

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9
Q

The white blood cells in the second line of defence:

A

Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes

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10
Q

Eosinophils

A

Antimicrobial substances. Produce toxic proteins against certain parasites, some phagocytosis.

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11
Q

Basophils

A

Inflammation and fever. Release heparin and histamine which promote inflammation.

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12
Q

Neutrophils, monocytes

A

Phagocytic white blood cells. These cells engulf and destroy foreign material.

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13
Q

The third line of defence:

A

Specific immunity. Specific resistance targets specific pathogens. Specialized lymphocytes: B-cells and T-cells

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14
Q

How phagocytes in your body work

A
  1. Detection: Phagocyte detects microbes by the chemicals they give off and the microbes stick to its surface.
  2. Ingestion: The phagocyte wraps around the microbe, engulfing it and forming a vesicle.
  3. Phagosome forms: A phagosome is formed, enclosing the microbes in a membrane.
  4. Fusion with lysosome: Phagosome fuses with a lysosome (containing powerful enzymes that can digest the microbe).
  5. Digestion: The microbes are broken down by enzymes into their chemical constituents.
  6. Dischage: Indigestible material is discharged from the phagocyte.
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15
Q

How microbes kill your phagocytes!

A

Microbes evade immune system:
Some microbes evade the immune system by entering the phagocytes. The microbes prevent fusion of the lysosome with the phagosome. They multiply inside the phagocyte, almost filling it.
Some microbes kill phagocytes:
Some microbes produce toxins that kill phagocytes.
Dormant microbes hide inside cells:
Some microbes can remain dormant inside the phagocyte for months or years at a time.

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16
Q

Damage to tissues triggers

A

inflammation (pain, soreness, heat and swelling)

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17
Q

The inflammatory response has the following functions:

A
  • destroy the cause of the infection and remove it from the body
  • combine the infection to a small area
  • repair tissue damaged by the infection
  • improve blood flow (neutrophils (WBC) need to go to the site)
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18
Q

A fever:

A

A fever is defined as a body temperature above 37°C. Fevers are usually caused by bacterial/ viral infections. Fevers less than 39°C typically do not require hospitalization. Excessive fever requires prompt attention as death usually results if body temperature rises above 44.4°C!

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19
Q

Fever has the following effects:

A
  1. Intensifies the effect of infection (protein, antiviral that inhibit viral replication)
  2. Allow the body to produce more T-cells
  3. Speeds up metabolic reaction, increase the rate of tissue repair
  4. Increase heart rate, so the WBCs are delivered to sites of infection more rapidly
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20
Q

What causes a fever?

A

Infection from viruses and bacteria are the most frequent causes of fever. A microphage will begin by ingesting the pathogen destroying it in a vacuole and releasing endotoxins. Endotoxins induce the macrophage to produce a small protein called interleukin-1. Interleukin-1 causes the hypothalamus to increase production of prostaglandins. This resets the body’s thermostat to a higher temperature, producing fever.

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21
Q

What are the three stages of a fever?

A

Fever Onset
Chill Phase
Crisis

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22
Q

Fever Onset stage

A

The body responds to the new thermostat setting, raising the body temperature by:

  • Blood vessel constriction
  • Increased metabolic rate
  • Shivering
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23
Q

Chill Phase stage

A

Even though the body temperature is increasing above normal, the skin remains cold, and shivering occurs. This condition, called a chill, is a definite sign that body temperature is rising. When the body reaches the setting of the thermostat, the chill disappears.

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24
Q

Crisis stage

A

Body temperature will be maintained at the higher setting until interleukin-1 has been eliminated. As the infection subsides, the thermostat is then reset to 37°C. Heat losing mechanisms, such as sweating and vasodilation cause the person to feel warm. This crisis phase of the fever indicated the body temperature is falling.

25
Q

Acquired immunity

A

Acquired immunity is the protection that develops against specific pathogens

26
Q

Active immunity:

A

full immune response takes place, antibodies remain long term

27
Q

Passive immunity:

A

antibodies are given to an individual, no long term defence

28
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

Antibodies pass from the mother to the fetus via placenta during pregnancy or to her infant through her milk

29
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

Pathogens enter the body causing illness. The body produces specialized lymphocytes and antibodies that remain in the body and protect it from future infections.

30
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A

Antigens are introduced in vaccines. The body responds and produces specialized lymphocytes and antibodies.

31
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

Antibodies are introduced to the body by injection. The body does not produce any antibodies.

32
Q

Tissue fluid

A

Fluid leaks from capillaries, mostly as a result of blood pressure, and forms tissue fluid. Tissue fluid supplies tissues with nutrients and oxygen and removes wastes.

33
Q

Lymph fluid:

A
  • part of tissue fluid that doesn’t return into capillaries, and instead drains back into the blood circulation through a network of lymph vessels
  • similar to tissue fluid, but contains more leukocytes (WBCs)
  • mixed with pathogens and other pathogens that must be destroyed
34
Q

Lymph node that is actively fighting

A

Lymph node that is actively fighting an infection becomes swollen and hard as the lymph cells reproduce rapidly to increase their numbers

35
Q

Where are T cells matured?

A

Thymus gland

36
Q

Where are B cells matured?

A

Spleen

37
Q

Where are leukocytes matured?

A

Tonsils

38
Q

Two main components of the immune system:

A

The humoral immune system and the cell-mediated immune system. The humeral and cell-mediated systems work separately and together.

39
Q

The humoral immune system:

A

The humoral immune system involves the action of B-cells, which produce antibodies

40
Q

The cell-mediated immune system:

A

The cell-mediated immune system is associated with the production of specialized T cells

41
Q

B cells:

A
  • produced in bone marrow, migrate to lymphatic organs
  • defend against bacteria and viruses out the cell
  • each b cell can produce antibodies against only one specific antigen
42
Q

A mature b-cell:

A

may carry as many as 100 000 antibody molecules embedded in its surface membrane

43
Q

Two types of b-cells:

A

Memory b-cells and plasma b-cells

44
Q

Memory B cells:

A

When these cells encounter the same antigen again (even years or decades after the initial infection), they rapidly differentiate into antibody-producing cells

45
Q

Plasma B cells:

A

These cells secrete antibodies against antigens. Each plasma cell lives for only a few days, but can produce about 2 000 antibody molecules per second

46
Q

The humoral immunity process

A
  1. The humoral response begins when a foreign protein (antigen) activates b-cell
  2. The b-cells multiply, to form many plasma cells. Plasma cells instantly make antibodies specifically designed to attack and kill the pathogen
  3. Some b-cells differentiate into long lives memory b-cells. These memory cells will rapidly produce antibodies if the same pathogen enters the body again
47
Q

T-cells:

A

T cells respond against fragments that have been processed and presented by macrophages (phagocytic cells).

48
Q

T-cells defend against:

A
  • intracellular bacteria and viruses
  • protozoa, fungi, and roundworms
  • cancerous cells and transplanted foreign tissue
49
Q

T-cells can differentiate into 5 specialized types of cell:

A 
Helper T Cell
Suppressor T Cell
Hypersensitivity T Cell
Cytotoxic T Cell
Natural Killer Cell
50
Q

Helper T Cell

A
  • activates cytotoxic T cells and other helper T cells

- necessary for b-cell activation (or switch)

51
Q

Suppressor T Cell

A

regulates immune response by turning it off when no more antigen is present

52
Q

Hypersensitivity T Cell

A

causes inflammation in allergic reactions and rejection of tissue transplants

53
Q

Cytotoxic T Cell

A
  • destroys target cells or contact

- maintains memory of antigen

54
Q

Natural Killer Cell

A
  • lymphocyte able to bind to tumor cells and virus-infected cells without the presence of foreign antigens, and kill them by the insertion of granules containing Perforin and Granzymes
  • react to the absence of MHC
  • always “switched on”
55
Q

The cell mediated immunity process

A
  1. Antigens, such as those produced by abnormal cells, are identified by and activate specific killer T-cells
  2. With assistance of helper T-cells the killer T-cells begin to multiply
  3. The killer T-cells attach to and destroy the abnormal cell. Killer T-cells remain as memory cells to quickly attack any abnormal cells that reappear
56
Q

Hypersensitivity - allergies

A

Hyper sensitivity refers to an over active immune response.

  • The response to the antigen (or allergen) leads to tissue damage rather than immunity
  • They occur when antibodies respond to an allergen by causing the release of histamine from most cells
57
Q

Epidemic

A

Epidemic diseases are those that affect large number of people in one area simultaneously

58
Q

Pandemic

A

Pandemic is a term that refers to an epidemic that has spread to more than one area

Bio30s (13 decks)

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