respiration (PEQ)

Question 1

two molecules for aerobic respiration that can move into mitochondria

Answer 1

pyruvate
oxygen
reduced NAD
ADP

Question 2

importance of outer mitochondrial membrane being impermeable to H+ ions

Answer 2

stops H+ diffusing out of mitochondrion into cytoplasm
a high conc of H+ is maintained in the intermembrane space

Question 3

joins bones to bones

Answer 3

ligaments

Question 4

give reasons why blood lactate concentration may remain constant

Answer 4

sufficient oxygen supply for aerobic respiration
lactate broken down by liver/ rate of lactate production is balanced by rate of lactate breakdown

Question 5

explain why some ATP is broken down during glycolysis

Answer 5

breakdown of ATP phosphorylates the glucose
ATP supplies energy to break down the glucose
to produce phosphorylated 3-carbon compounds

Question 6

which processes form ATP in respiration

Answer 6

glycolysis, krebs cycle and electron transport chain

Question 7

explain the role of carrier molecules in the electron transport chain

Answer 7

receive hydrogen from reduced NAD/ FAD
allows reduced NAD/ FAD to be oxidised
break hydrogen into protons and electrons
electrons transferred by series of redox reactions
energy released is used to pump hydrogen ions/ protons into intermembrane space

Question 8

explain why ATP is required for a reaction

Answer 8

hydrolysis of ATP provides energy for the reaction
provides phosphate group for phosphorylation

Question 9

which features of liver cell contain RNA

Answer 9

cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria

Question 10

what happens to lactate in liver cells

Answer 10

oxidised to pyruvate
converted to glycose/ glycogen
pyruvate/ glucose used in respiration

Question 11

explain the need for reduced NAD to be oxidised in a mitochondrion

Answer 11

hydrogen can be delviered to the electron transport chain
to allow ATP synthesis/ chemiosmosis
to regenerate NAD