respiration content

Question 1

aerobic respiration

Answer 1

glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
ETC/ oxidative phosphorylation

Question 2

glycolysis

Answer 2

occurs in cytoplasm of cells/ sarcoplasm of muscle cells
stores of glycogen converted to glucose
phosphorylation of glucose using ATP
intermediate 3C phosphorylated compounds
x2 pyruvate molecules formed
2 ATP molecules and 4H

Question 3

why is glucose phosphorylated first

Answer 3

glucose is stable and unreactive
so would require lots of energy to be broken to pyruvate

Question 4

link reaction

Answer 4

occurs inside mitochondrion
pyruvate decarboxylated then dehydrogenated
results in 2C fragment which combines with coenzyme A (coA)
CO2 released as waste product
2H atoms removed and taken up by coenzyme NAD
reduces NAD -> NADH

Question 5

krebs cycle

Answer 5

4C compound created
net yield: 2ATP, 4CO2, 8x 2H
hydrogen carriers pick up H+ ions and high energy electrons are released, carries them to the last stage of respiration

Question 6

electron transport chain

Answer 6

on mitochondrial inner membrane
reduced coenzyme carries 2H+ and electrons to ETC
electrons transferred along electon carriers in a series of redox reactions
carrier reduced when it receives electrons and reduced when it passes them on
protons move across inner mitochondrial membrane, creatign high concentration of H+ ions in the intermembrane space
H+ diffuse back intro mitochondrial matrix down electrochemcial gradient
H+ diffusion allows ATP synthase to catalyse ATP synthesis
electrons and H+ ions recombine to form hydrogen atoms
combine with oxygen to create water
if supply of oxygen stops, the ETC stops and ATP synthesis stops

Question 7

feature of inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 7

series of protein carriers
each at a lower energy level than the previous

Question 8

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 8

H+ and electrons recombine to form H atoms
combine with oxygen to form water
ATP is synthesised

Question 9

chemiosmosis

Answer 9

formation of ATP when ADP recombines with Pi in the ATP synthase enzyme
each molecule of NADH produces 3 ATP
FAD enters further down ETC and produces 2ATP
protons and electrons recombine to form hydrogen and then combine with oxygen to form water

Question 10

atp in water

Answer 10

way of storing chemical potential energy
ATP keeps phosphate separated from water
phosphate group removed from ATP by hydrolysis
energy released as bonds form between water and phosphate